Immune system

Question 1

What are the 3 components of the immune system?

Answer 1

1. anatomic defenses
2. innate {natural} immunity
3. acquired {adaptive immunity

Question 2

Anatomic defenses include

Answer 2

1. skin
2. mucous membranes
3. mucous blanket
4. ciliated cells

Question 3

innate {natrual} immunity what is needed

Answer 3

nothing/doesn’t require a previous infection

Question 4

Acquired {adaptive} immunity needs what to respond

Answer 4

vaccination or history with an antigen

Question 5

When is the Innate {natural} immunity present

Answer 5

from birth and remains throughout life

Question 6

The innate {natural} immunity is composed of what

Answer 6

1. PMNs
2. phagocytic cells
3. complements

Question 7

When is Acquired {adaptive} immunity present

Answer 7

builds with age and begins with exposure

Question 8

The acquired {adaptive} immunity is composed of what

Answer 8

1. T cells
2. B lymphocytes
3. natural killer cells

Question 9

B cells are from what area in the body

Answer 9

the bone

Question 10

B cells are what type of immunoglobulins

Answer 10

antigen-specific

Question 11

What are the different types of B cell immunoglobulins

Answer 11

1. IgM
2. IgG
3. IgA
4. IgD
5. IgE

Question 12

T cells are from which part of the body

Answer 12

thymus

Question 13

What is the role of IgM

Answer 13

1. body’s first response to infection

Question 14

When should you look for IgM

Answer 14

when testing a patient for infection

Question 15

Where is IgG present

Answer 15

all internal body fluids

Question 16

What is IgA and where is it present

Answer 16

it is protective in external secretions

found in GI, respiratory, and genital tracts, and are present in the circulation

Question 17

Where is IgE present

Answer 17

in internal and external body fluids

Question 18

IgE and eosinophils respond to what

Answer 18

allergy and parasitic infections

Question 19

What is the significance of IgD

Answer 19

unclear

Question 20

deficiencies in IgD may exist when

Answer 20

when total Ig levels are normal and happens specifically with IgG and IgA

Question 21

What are the steps in primary immune response

Answer 21

1. antigen is carried to lymph node
2. Virgin B cells respond
3. if affinity for antigen is sufficient, B cell develops into antibody-producing plasma cells
4. CD40 glycoprotein acts with CD154 on T cells to proliferate B cell and synthesize IgM
5. B cells become memory cells that can mount specific IgG, IgA, or IgE response

Question 22

Is primary or secondary immune response more rapid

Answer 22

secondary response is more rapid than primary

Question 23

what is the role for natural killer cells

Answer 23

secondary immune response

Question 24

in noenates what type of cells are present in high numbers

Answer 24

T cells

Question 25

How does neonate immune differ from adult

Answer 25

ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells differ

Question 26

normal newborns have the capacity to develop what

Answer 26

antigen-specific T cell response

Question 27

Why do neonates have a high susceptibility to infections with gram-negative organisms

Answer 27

1. lack of IgM because IgM cannot cross placenta | 2. impaired phagocytosis

Question 28

What is a risk in neonates because of their normal high T cell count

Answer 28

presence of severe immunodeficiency without being recognized.

Question 29

IgM in neonates to adult

Answer 29

increase over time and reach adult levels by age 1

Question 30

Is IgA exchanged through breastmilk

Answer 30

at least some is received via breast milk

Question 31

When does IgA production begin and when does it reach adult levels

Answer 31

begins around 2 weeks of life, and reaches adult levels by age 6-7

Question 32

IgG levels at birth

Answer 32

initially high from maternal sources but taper by 6-8 months

Question 33

IgG production begins when

Answer 33

after maternal sources leave around age 6-8 months and reach adult levels by age 7-8

Question 34

IgE production

Answer 34

mimic IgA; | begins around 2 weeks and reaches adult levels by age 6-7 years

Question 35

When are the lowest total IgG levels

Answer 35

age 3-4 months

Question 36

Neonate antibody production

Answer 36

can make some specific antibodies at birth

Question 37

When can newborns mount an immune response to polysaccharide antigens

Answer 37

after 2 years of age; | **polysaccharide vaccines are ineffective for newborn and therefore require a conjugated vaccine

Question 38

lymph tissue continues to grow until when

Answer 38

school age

Question 39

thymus in adolescence

Answer 39

size starts to wane in size

Question 40

Thymus by middle age

Answer 40

is at 15% of its initial size

Question 41

T cell function over time

Answer 41

declines after middle age

Question 42

Middle age and immunity

Answer 42

1. infections develop more easily | 2. vaccines become less effective

Question 43

Older people are more prone to what

Answer 43

more prone to autoimmune disease

Question 44

in older people, risk for infection is frequently complicated by

Answer 44

comorbidities and medications

Question 45

What is the NPs role in managing infection

Answer 45

1. refer to an infectious disease specialist

Question 46

What is considered primary prevention

Answer 46

1. preventing infection in the first place 2. identify and respond to infection quickly 3. comanage chronic infection with a specialist

Question 47

What are the steps in the secondary immune response

Answer 47

1. memory B cell encounters antigen 2. Plasma cells form 3. IgG, IgA, and IgE are made 4. natural killer cells also play a role

Question 48

Where is IgM confined and why

Answer 48

they are large so they are confined to intravascular compartment

Question 49

The thymus with aging

Answer 49

it begins to shrink after adolescents; | by middle age it is 15% of original size

Question 50

T cell with aging

Answer 50

T cell function declines with age while T-cell numbers are not affected