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YR1 S1 Physiology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood plasma consist of?

A

Proteins such as albumin, globulins and fibrinogen, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases and and wastes dissolved in water

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2
Q

what is the main function of erythrocytes?

A

Oxygen and CO2 transport

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3
Q

How do erythrocytes differ to other cells?

A

No nucleus or other organelles, larger surface area

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4
Q

What is the key component of an erythrocyte?

A

Haemoglobin

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5
Q

What is the site of production of erythrocytes?

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

What is the name for young erythrocytes that contain ribosomes?

A

Reticulocytes

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7
Q

what is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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8
Q

What are erythrocytes broken down into?

A

Bilirubin (gives plasma its yellow colour)

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9
Q

What are the most important vitamins/minerals for erythrocyte production?

A

Iron, Folic Acid and B12

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10
Q

What is anaemia?

A

decrease in ability of blood to carry oxygen due to decrease in erythrocyte number and low haemoglobin per erythrocyte

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11
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

Stoppage of bleeding

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12
Q

How are platelet plugs formed when vessels are injured?

A

Platelets adhere to the exposed collagen in the endothelium via vWF. Platelets release ADP and serotonin, causing conformational changes in the platelets. Actin and Myosin is formed to allow contraction. Fibrinogen supports the platelet plug.

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13
Q

What are the macrophage-like immune cells found in almsot all tissues called?

A

Dendritic cells

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14
Q

Secretions such as sweat, tears saliva and mucous are important components of the body’s innate/non-specific immune responses. True or False?

A

True.

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15
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A

The chemically mediated movement of neutrophils and monocytes to an area of injury or infection

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16
Q

what is MAC (membrane attack complex) comprised of?

A

Complement proteins

17
Q

What are interferons?

A

A family of cytokines that non-specifically inhibit viral replication inside host cells

18
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A foreign molecule that can trigger an adaptive immune response

19
Q

How many distinct types of antigen receptors would any one lymphocyte have?

A

One

20
Q

Is the spleen a primary or secondary lymph organ?

A

Secondary

21
Q

What are the primary lymph organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

22
Q

What are the secondary lymph organs?

A

Lymph nodes (Tonsils, Spleen)

23
Q

What are the two branches of specific immune responses?

A

Cellular (T cell) immunity

Humoral (B cell) immunity

24
Q

Antigens presented in associated with class I MHC proteins are recognised by what type of immune cell?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

25
Q

Antigens presented in association with class II MHC cells are recognised by what type of immune cell?

A

Helper T cells

26
Q

What two hormones are released by antigen presenting cells to activate helper T cells?

A

Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor

27
Q

What is secreted by helper T-cells when activated and what does this do?

A

Interleukin-2; stimulates the helper T-cell to proliferate

28
Q

What is a key difference between NK cells and cytotoxic T cells?

A

NK cells do not need to recognise an antigen on the surface of a target cell before attacking it

29
Q

what class of antibodies are found in secretions?

A

IgA

30
Q

What are the two most abundant classes of antibody?

A

IgG and IgM.

31
Q

What type of antibody participates in allergic reactions?

A

IgE

32
Q

What type of antibody has an unknown/unclear function?

A

IgD

33
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill antigen bearing cells?

A

Releasing perforin by exocytosis into the space between it and the target cell which causes the target cell to lyse

34
Q

Which leukocytes are the main players in rejection of tissue grafts?

A

Cytotoxic and Helper T cells

35
Q

What are the two classes of leukocyte?

A

Myeloid and Lymphoid cells

YR1 S1 Physiology (18 decks)

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