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Med Cond 2 > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of immune system

A

distinguish self from non-self
protect body against foreign substances
provide nonspecific immunity
provides specific or acquired immunity

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2
Q

Components of immune system

A

lymphoid organs & tissues including:

adenoids, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, ileum (lymph nodes), liver

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3
Q

bone marrow

A

produces B & T cell

B cells mature here

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4
Q

Thymus

A

T cells mature here

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5
Q

lymph nodes

A

trap & process antigens

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6
Q

spleen

A

filters antigens from blood- provide systemic protection

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7
Q

liver

A

reduces amount of toxins that could impair GI lining- filters all blood from GI system

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8
Q

mucosa- associated lymphoid tissues (lining respiratory digestive & urogenital tracts)

A

provide lymphocyte response to nearby tissue

helps to kill pathogen

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9
Q

antigen

A

substances that stimulate an immune response
antibody generator
something that triggers an immune response
any foreign body in body that does not have cell surface marker

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10
Q

Major Histocompatability Complex

A

cell surface proteins that provide cell to cell communication regarding the presence of antigens

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11
Q

Antibodies

A

immunoglobulins or proteins that recognize antigens

Types: IgA,G, M, D, E

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12
Q

IgA

A

prevents attachment of virus & bacteria to epithelial tissues
located in mucous areas in body- mouth, saliva, tears

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13
Q

IgG

A

gamma globulin is most abundant

cross the placenta for fetal immunity

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14
Q

IgM

A

first circulating antibody made by the newborn

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15
Q

IgD

A

initiates blood immune response

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16
Q

IgE

A

involved in inflammation and allergic response

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17
Q

lymphocytes

A

mononuclear immunocytes that provide humoral & cell-mediated immunity
recognize & activate specific immune responses
provides T & B cells

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18
Q

monocytes

A

migrate into tisues where they mature into macrophage

Large mononuclear phagocyte providing phagocytosis

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19
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic cells that contain infections & help to initiate immunological responses
Large mononuclear phagocyte providing phagocytosis

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20
Q

neutrophil

A

segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte (multinucleated)
squeeze through capillary walls & into infected tissue where they kill the invaders and then engulf the remnants by phagocytosis
Primary responders in innate immune system response

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21
Q

Basophil

A

segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte (multinucleated)

contribute to inflammation

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22
Q

eosinophil

A

segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte (multinucleated)
usually second to reach site
contain harmful chemical (get as close as can to site, then release chemical to try to kill as much as they can)
More active in parasitic infection

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23
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

large granular lymphocytes kill some tumors & some virus-infected cells without prior exposure
can be use to treat cancers

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24
Q

Cytokines

A

regulator proteins that modulate the reaction of the host to antigens
triggering response
include: interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, colony stimulating factors

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25
Q

Interferons

A

produced by virally infected cells early in infection to limit the spread of the infection
protect neighouring (non-infected) cells from invasion
inhibit tumor growth
trigger the signal,
cell that has been invaded will signal other cells to bump up their defenses

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26
Q

What is the first responder of the lymphocytes?

A

neutrophil

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27
Q

1st line of defense

A

external barriers prevent the infecting agent from penetrating cells & tissues

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28
Q

2nd line of defense

A

inflammatory response & phagocytosis

trigger WBC to show up

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29
Q

3rd line of defense

A

acquired immune response

takes several days to ramp up & respond

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30
Q

Types of immunity

A

acquired

innate

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31
Q

non-specific lines of defense

A 
skin
mucous membranes (respiratory, GI, Urogenital tracts)
chemical balance
antimicrobial substances
fever (causes by eosinophils)
phagocytic cells
complement system/cytokines
NK cells
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32
Q

specific lines of defense

A

lymphocytes (T & B cells) that recognize specific pathogens are part of acquired immune response
memory lymphocytes- memory of antigen that lasts a long time
system should be tolerant to “self”-antigens or person’s own body chemistry

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33
Q

Innate immunity

A

inborn & derived form non-specific aspects of tissue defense
body’s first line of defense to prevent entrance of pathogens

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34
Q

Innate immunity mechanims

A
  1. non-specific inflammatory response
  2. skin & mucosal barrier
    sloughing of skin
    phagocytosis of bacteria
    destruction of pathogens by acid secretions
    digestive enzymes in the GI tract
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35
Q

innate immunity intensity

A

always occurs at same intensity, regardless of number of times pathogen is encountered

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36
Q

Acquired immunity

A

characteristics: specificity & memory
develops after birth to recognize & destroy foreign substances as well as prevent proliferation of malignant cells
occurs AFTER invasion by foreign agent

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37
Q

acquired immunity intesnity

A

response will increase in speed & intensity each time specific pathogen encountered

38
Q

2 types of acquired immunity

A

Active & Passive

39
Q

Active acquired immunity

A

contact with antigen of product derived from antigen

antibodies or t-cell response produced by host in response to the contact

40
Q

Passive Acquired Immunity

A

contact with antibodies from actively immunized person or via inoculation
triggers temporary acquired immune response
i.e. transfer of antibodies from mother to infant

41
Q

Mechanism of acquired immunity

A 
B cell (humoral immunity)
T cell (cell-mediated immunity)
42
Q

B cell immunity

A

humoral response
recognizes one antigen
produces & secretes antibodies that attack antigen
produces memory cells for future immunological response

43
Q

T cell immunity

A 
cell-mediated response
recognizes one antigen
attacks the antigen directly
Produces: memory cells
t-cytotoxic (killer) cells
t-helper cells
t-suppressor cells
lymphokine-producing cells
44
Q

B cell primary immune response

A

production of specific antibodies (immunoglobulins)

45
Q

B cells secondary immune response

A

increased activation with increased exposure of memory cells to the antigen

46
Q

humoral response

A

pre-processed in the liver during mid-fetal life & bone marrow during late fetal life & after birth
activated B cells incapacitate the antigen
B cells stimulated to mature into plasma B cells, which produce antibodies
Plasma B cells & the antibodies they produce constitute a critical part of the body’s defense against infections & cancer

47
Q

Cell-Mediated Response

A

processed T cells leave the thymus & spread to lymphoid tissues throughout the body shortly after birth
t cells recognize pathogens, search them out & destroy them on cell to cell basis
capable of turning entire immune system on through T4 (CD4) and off (through regulatory/supressor T cells)
T8 or cytotoxic cells are primary active responders
important factor in recognizing body’s own tissue, loss of function can lead to autoimmune disorder

48
Q

helper t cells

A

T4 or CD4

49
Q

t8 cells

A

cytotoxic cells

50
Q

what systems link the immune system & CNS

A 
autonomic nervous system
neuroendorcrine outflow (via pituitary gland)
51
Q

Does the immune response cross blood-brain barrier?

A

activated immunocompetent cells CAN cross the blood-brain barrier

52
Q

Neurocytokines lead to what changes in the nervous system

A 
mild behavioural disturbances
anorexia
drowsiness
sleep disturbances
coma
dementia
53
Q

Regulation of immune response

A

initiation by antigens
intercellular recognition & binding
intercellular signaling
Brain influence

54
Q

intercellular recognition by __

A

membrane proteins & genes

55
Q

intercellular binding

A

of antigen by T cells

56
Q

intercellular signaling

A

by interaction on cellular membranes by various cell mediators of immunity: cytokines, adhesion molecules, & recognition molecules

57
Q

Brain influence

A

Hormonal regulation: thymus gland, anterior pituitary

Neural influences: sympathetic nervous system (innervate thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)

58
Q

apoptosis

A

every cell has “auto-destruct” capability
if unable to defend against mutation (or pathogen), the cell self-destructs
normal, welcome response
Response decreases with age
Response enhanced by exercise

59
Q

Exogenous factors influencing immunity

A 
trauma
disease
pollutants
radiation
UV light
drugs
60
Q

Endogenous factors influencing immunity

A 
age
gender
nutritional status
genetic background
reproductive status
STRESS (only one have control over)
61
Q

How are exterior defenses affected by aging

A

dec acidity level in GI tract
shallower breaths, ability for pathogens to hang in lungs
bladder less elastic, urine less acidic

62
Q

How is acquired immunity affected by aging

A

thymus smaller
dec antibody responsiveness
inc antibody response toward self-cells

63
Q

aging immune system

A

body’s innate response to infection is not always automatic in elderly
overall # of lymphocytes does not change greatly, but configuration of lymphocytes & their reaction to infection does
when antibodies produced, duration of their response is shorter & fewer cells are produced
after age 70 more likely to produce autoantibodies (attack part of the body itself)

64
Q

Exercise & Immunity

A

moderate exercise enhances immune system

strenuous exercise decreases immune system response

65
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

defect of T cells, B cells or lymphoid tisue

congenital condition, rare in PT practice

66
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency

A

underlying disease/factor impairing immune response

follows a disease or event

67
Q

Iatrogenic immunodeficiency

A

induced by drug or physical agents

chemotherapy, prolonged corticosteroid use

68
Q

AIDS

A

acquired disorder of the immune system renders an individual susceptible to infections
causes progressive destruction of T cells and changes in B cells

69
Q

AIDS incidence

A

caused by HIV

attaches to CD4 marker

70
Q

AIDS risk factors

A

transmission through exchange of body fluids, assoc with high risk behaviours
MSM most common, half cause by drug injection
NOT transmitted by fomite or casual contact

71
Q

What types of cells are primarily affected by AIDS retrovirus

A

T4 helper lymphocytes are destroyed or inactivated

72
Q

What are the receptors for AIDS retrovirus

A

CD 4 markers, including those on macrophages or T4 cells

73
Q

How does the infection enter the cell in AIDS

A

through CD4 marker that is now a receptor for the retrovirus

74
Q

What happens when AIDS virus replicates itself

A

the retrovirus carries genetic information in RNA & when it replicates itself, it tranfers viral RNA into normal cells

75
Q

AIDS symptoms

A

vary with stage of disease and age

course of the disease varies from person to person

76
Q

AIDS stages

A

asyptomatic stage or latency
early symptomatic stage
advanced disease/overt AIDS

77
Q

asymptomatic stage or latency (AIDS)

A

CD4>500 cell/mm3
no signs or symptoms,
patient is healthy & often continues work

78
Q

early symptomatic stage

A

AIDS
CD4= 200-500 cells/mm3
generalize, non-specific symptoms
immunocompromised with weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, fevers & symptoms from opportunistic infections

79
Q

Advanced disase/Overt AIDS

A

CD4

80
Q

Acute Infection AIDS

A 
fever
fatigue
rash
headache
lymphadenopathy
phayngitis
81
Q

AIDS Clinical Manifestations

A 
arthralgia
myalgia
night sweats
GI problems
aseptic meningitis
oral or genital ulcers
82
Q

AIDS common Opportunistic infections

A

pneumocystitis carinii (leading to pneumonia)
candida albicans fungus (leading to candidiasis or thrush)
cytomegalovirus (leading to neurological or other health problems)
Myobacterium avium-intracellular complex (affects those in HIV advanced stage)
Myobacterium tuberculosis (causing TB affecting the lung)

83
Q

AIDS associated cancers & malignancies

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma
wasting syndrome
metabolic disorders (lipodystrophy, mitochondrial disorder)

84
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

results in purplish grape-like lesions on the skin, GI tract & other organs
asociate with AIDS, particularly in homosexual men

85
Q

Wasting syndrome

A

involuntary weight loss of 10 percent of baseline body weight plus either chronic diarrhea (2 loose stools per day for more than 30 days) or chronic weakness & documented fever (30 days or more intermittent or constant) in the absence of a concurrent illness or condition

86
Q

Lipodystrophy

A

AIDS related
disorder of adipose tisue characterized by selective loss of body fat
pt w/this tend to develop insulin resistance, DM, a high triglyceride level & fatty liver

87
Q

AIDS prevention

A

education for risk ractors

avoid infections

88
Q

AIDS definitive care

A

there is no cure

89
Q

AIDS management

A

focuses on CD4 cell count
anti-retroviral medications use to inhibit disorder
exercise is of benefit

90
Q

AIDS palliative care

A

during end stage disease, care varies with individuals conditions

Med Cond 2 (6 decks)

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