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Med Cond 2 > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

infectious disease

A

consequences of microbial invasions

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2
Q

host

A

any organism capable of supporting another organisms nutrition & growth

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3
Q

infection

A

presence and multiplication of living organisms on or within host

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4
Q

Factors influencing severity of infectious disease

A

virulence
pathogen
opportunistic pathogen

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5
Q

Virulence

A

disease-producing potential

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6
Q

pathogen

A

virulent organisms capable of causing diease

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7
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

attack vulnerable hosts (weakened immunity, illness of medical therapy)

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8
Q

Incubation period

A

reproduction of pathogen without manifesting symptoms

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9
Q

prodromal stage

A

initial appearance of symptoms in host

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10
Q

acute stage

A

host experiences maximum impact from infectious process, rapid proliferation and dissemination of pathogen

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11
Q

convalescent period

A

containment of infection, tissue repair

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12
Q

resolution stage

A

resolution of symptoms, elimination of pathogen

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13
Q

Virulence factors

A

toxins
adhesion factors
evasive factors
invasive factors

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14
Q

toxin

A

substances that alter or destroy normal function of host cell
endotoxin or exotoxin

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15
Q

exotoxin

A

proteins release from bacteria

modify key cellular structures and function leading to cell death or dysfunction

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16
Q

endotoxin

A

complex molecule composed of lipid and polyscaccharides in cell wall of gram-neg bacteria
lipid portion of endotoxins confer toxicity
potent activator of number of regulatory systems

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17
Q

adhesion factors

A

ability to attach to the host cell

can be site specific, cell specific, or non-specific

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18
Q

receptor

A

site pathogen adheres to on host

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19
Q

ligand

A

bind to receptor, may have anchors or appendages to connect onto receptors

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20
Q

evasive factors

A

ability to evade the immune system

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21
Q

invasive factors

A

products produced by infectious agent that allows penetration of anatomic barriers of host tissue
usually enxymes

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22
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Infectious Disease

A 
common: fever, chills, malaise, & enlarged (usually painful) lymph nodes
Also: rash, skin lesions
bleeding from gums
joint effusion
diarrhea
frequency, urgency
cough, sore throat
nausea, vomiting
headache 
stiff neck
myalgia
convulsions
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23
Q

Symptoms in immuno-compromised pt

A

confusion
tachycardia
hypotension

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24
Q

nosocomial infection

A

infections acquired during hospitalization

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25
Q

Ways to prevent nosocomial infection

A

use of antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection
consistent hand-washing and/or sanitizing
maximum barrier protections when putting in central ines
ensuring pts with certain infections are placed in isolation

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26
Q

risk associated with infectious patients

A

risk of transmitting infections FROM them to others

protect OURSELVES and OTHER PATIENTS

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27
Q

risk associated with Immunosuppressed patients

A

risk of transmitting infections from us or other patients TO them
Protect THE PATIENT

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28
Q

Sources of infection

A

nosocomial

community acquired

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29
Q

Mechanism of infection

A

Location (nosocomial vs community acquired)
host
substance
object (vector)

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30
Q

Portal of exit

A

pathogens method of leaving the reservoir (as needed)

secretions, excretions, blood, emesis

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31
Q

Chain of transmission

A

Existence of causative agent, bacteria, pathogen or virus
Survival of pathogen in reservoir of humans, animals or inanimate objects
Portal of exit
Transmission
Portal of entry
susceptible host

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32
Q

transmission

A

through airborne, contact, droplet, vector or vehicle modes

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33
Q

portal of entry

A

process by which pathogen enters the body, gains access to susceptible tissues, and causes disease

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34
Q

Method of entry

A

penetration, direct contact, ingestion, inhalation

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35
Q

Penetration

A

any disruption in integrity of body’s surface

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36
Q

direct contact

A

transmission directly from infected tissue or secretions to exposed, intact mucous membranes

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37
Q

ingesion

A

through mouth & GI tract

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38
Q

inhalation

A

through respiratory tract

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39
Q

Infection in non- susceptible host

A

pathogen will eventually die off, cannot mount a sufficient multiplication proces

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40
Q

Goal of infection prevention

A

break the chain of transmission- ideally at most efficient point

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41
Q

Universal/Standard precaution

A

washing hands or sanitizing before & after patient contact
clean treatment area
cover any open lesions on self
use personal protective equipment
use medical aseptic technique
place biohazard material in an appropriate receptacle

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42
Q

Transmission based precautions

A 
hand washing or sanitizing
patient care equipment (clean, not sterilized)
As needed:
gloves
mask
gown
43
Q

Diagnostic measures

A

culture
serology
analysis of other body fluids (CSF, urine)

44
Q

culture

A

propagation of microorganism outside of the body (not all pathogens are capable of this type of reproduction)

45
Q

serology

A

study of serum

anitbody titer, direct antigen detection

46
Q

antibody titer

A

assesses rise of antibody level associated with a specific pathogen

47
Q

direct antigen detection

A

uses purified “labeled” antibodies to detect antigens of pathogens

48
Q

Goal of treatment of Infectious disease

A

rid the body of pathogen and restore normal physiologic function to damaged tissue

49
Q

chemotherapeutic drugs

A

“selective toxicity” to invading organisms with “little effect on host”

50
Q

Two forms of bacteria

A

rigid cell wall (gram-positive)

alcohol or acetone labile cell membrane (gram negative)

51
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

at sufficient levels in host will kill invading organisms

52
Q

bacteriostatic

A

will inhibit bacterial growth without killing organisms

high failure rate at treating infections in CNS, heart or other reservoirs in body

53
Q

antimicrobial spectrum of activity

A

number/types of bacteria the drug is effective in treating

54
Q

broad-spectrum agent

A

effective against many different types of bacteria

55
Q

narrow spectrum agent

A

effective against only a few (or one) strain of bacteria

56
Q

innate resistance

A

no transport mechanism to move drug across bacterial cell wall

57
Q

acquired resistance

A

spontaneous genetic mutation

communication with other bacteria through plasmids

58
Q

infectious diseases encountered in physical therapy

A

*pneumonia
*tuberculosis
*hepatitis
*leprosy
*meningitis
*chickenpox
AIDS
speticemia
syphilis
mumps
measles
filarial infection
rubella

59
Q

Questions to ask about various infections & dieases

A

how common is it
who is at greatest risk
how is it transmitted to others
how can i prevent it from being transmitted to others
how is the body affected (signs &symptoms)? Does it affect one body system or multiple body systems?
what interaction would these clients have with PT

60
Q

Bacterial infectinso

A

staphylococcus
streptococcus
pseudomonas
gangrene

61
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

most common cause of suppurative infections affecting all ages & involving the heart, lung, soft tissue, joints & bones
leading cause of infective endocarditis
MRSA is a form

62
Q

Preventing staph aureus

A

**hand washing or sanitizing

drainage & antibiotics

63
Q

Streptococcus

A

causes both suppurative & non-suppurative infections
most common bacterial pathogens of human beings of any age
more common, less virulent

64
Q

pseudomonas

A

most commonly acquired in hospitals or nursing homes, leading to pneumonia, wound infections, UTI, & spesis in debiliated people
thrives in moist environments

65
Q

Gangrene

A

Clostridial myonecrosis bacteria
dry, moist & gas forms
opportunistic organism, requires anaerobic conditions not normally found in human tissue
possible risk following significant trauma

66
Q

Preventing gangrene

A

scrupulous wound hygiene, especially in high risk individuals (DM, poor nutrition, immunodeficient)

67
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of the parenchyma of the lungs

caused by bacterial, viral or mycoplasm infection, inhalation of toxins or aspiration of food, fluids of vomitus

68
Q

Pneumonia risk factors

A 
cigarette smoking
influenza
sinusitis
chronic bronchitis
DM (poorly controlled
uremia
dehydration
malnutrition
AIDS
confinement in medical setting
treatment with antieoplastic chemo or immunosuppressants
older age
young infants
bedridden or disabled individuals 
individuals with altered consciousness
periodontal disease
problems w/swallowing
problems/taking meds
individual with neuromusc disease
surgery
tracheal intubation
69
Q

pneumonia clinical manifestation

A 
sudden & sharp pleuritic pain agg by movement
hacking &  productive cough
rust or green coloured sputum
dec chest excursion
cyanosis
headache
fatigue, fever & chills
generalized aches
myalgia or thigh & calf muscles
70
Q

walking pneumonia

A

may have low grade fever & duration may exceed 2 weeks

lower respiratory system infected as well as upper

71
Q

pneumonia primary prevention

A

standard precautions
vaccine
early ambulation post-surgery
positioning to prevent aspiration

72
Q

Management of pnuemonia

A

antibiotic therapy
rest and fluid with ventilatory support if needed
PT: pulmonary hygiene including deep breathing exercises & coughing
therapeutic positioning
chest therapy

73
Q

antibiotic associated colitis

A

longer courses of antibiotic medication can decrease colonies of normal GI bacteria, leading to colonization by spore-forming bacterium Clostridium difficile
only washing hands w/soap & water removes spores

74
Q

Risks of c-diff

A

voluminous, water stools & risk of dehydration to patient
later risk- reactive arthritis

75
Q

blood bone viral infections

A

hepatitis virus, HIV

76
Q

Hepatitis B

A

high risk of infection for health care workers
can lead to cardiac valve disease, arthritis, jaundice, arthralgia, rash, dark urine, anorexia, nausea, painful abdominal bloating, fever, clay coloured stools

77
Q

Hepatitis C

A

80% develop chronic hepatitis

30% also develop cirrhosis

78
Q

Herpes virus

A

tendency of viruses to become chronic, latent (retrovirus) & recurrent in sensory nerve distribution

79
Q

Varicella Zoster Virus

A

herpes virus- 3
produces chickenpox and shingles
can persist in sensory nerve ganglia

80
Q

Transmission of VZV

A

droplets

81
Q

Primary form of VZV

A

chickenpox (varicella)
skin rash of blister-like lesions, covering the body but usually more concentrated on face, scalp & trunk
spread by coughing & sneezing, direct contact & by aerosolozation of virus from skin lesions
AIRBORNE precautions

82
Q

Secondary form of VZV

A

shingles (herpes zoster)
painful skin rash, usually in dermatomal pattern
spread through direct contact only
CONTACT precautions

83
Q

can shingles be passed from one person to another

A

NO
VZV can be spread from one person with active shingles to a person who has never had chickenpoz through direct contact with the rash.
person exposed would have chickenpox not shingles

84
Q

Viral respiratory infections

A

influenza

respiratory syncytial virus

85
Q

influenza

A

contracted via droplet

incubation is 1-5 days

86
Q

influenza signs & symptoms

A

fever, chills, malaise, muscular aching, substernal soreness, headache, nasal stuffiness, sore throat & occasional nausea
vulnerable populations develop acute sinusitis, otitis media, purulent bronchitis, and pneumonia

87
Q

respiratoy syncytial virus

A

found in infants, young children, older adults & immunocompromised patients
transmitted through droplets, via eyes or nose as portal of entry

88
Q

infections with prosthetics & implants

A

prosthetic joint sepsis is characterized by increasing joint pain

89
Q

lyme disease

A

most common vector borne infectious disease in US
latent symptoms including skin rash, swelling & recurrent joint pain (esp knees)
may also demonstrate neurologic manifestations

90
Q

lyme disease sign & symptoms

A

bullseye rash unique to lyme disease
neurological symptoms include numbness, tingling, or burning sensations in arms & legs,
twitching, weakness, or paralysis of face, arms or legs,
sharp pain in arms, legs, neck, and back
increased sensitivity to light
difficulties with memory, concentration, learning or speech
mood swings, depression or abnormal thought process

91
Q

Tuberculosis

A

infective, inflammatory systemic disease affecting the lungs & may involve other orangs
airborne spread of infectious nuclei through sneezing, laughing, speaking, singing or coughing
residual lesions are sites for potential reactivation

92
Q

how long does it take to treat TB

A

6-9 months

93
Q

TB risk factors

A 
older adult
people with HIV
economically disadvantaged populations
overcrowded populations
immigrants
those using injected drugs
infants & children under 5
prison inmated
DM
end-stage renal disease
immuno-compromised
94
Q

TB clinical manifestations

A 
productive cough >3 wks
weight loss
fever
night sweats
fatigue
malaise
anorexia
rales in the lungs
may involve brain & spinal cord (seen w/HIV)
95
Q

TB primary prevention

A

covering mouth & nose
room ventilators, avoiding overcrowding
vaccine

96
Q

TB secondary prevention

A

skin test followed by chest x-ray
anti TB medications & chemotherapy
poor compliance with treatment leads to poor prognosis

97
Q

leprosy

A

primarily affects skin, peripheral nerves, eyes, and mucosa of upper respiratory tract
skin lesions can be single or multiple
sensory loss is typical feature
lesions usually less pigmented than surrounding normal skin, sometimes reddish or copper-coloured

98
Q

leprosy diagnosis

A

one or both:
skin lesion consistent w/leprosy w/definite sensory loss (variety may be seen but macule, papule or nodules most common)
positive skin smear

99
Q

bacterial meningitis at risk population

A

very young & vey old

100
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges in brain

101
Q

bacterial meningitis clinical manifestation

A

early: fever, headache, stiff & painful neck
late: flexion of lungs w/neck flexion, seizures, vomiting, coma

102
Q

Bacterial meningitis diagnosis

A

lumbar puncture

103
Q

bacterial meningitis treatment

A

antibiotics (able to cross blood-brain barrier)

Med Cond 2 (6 decks)

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