Immune System

Question 1

Phagocyte

Answer 1

Engulfs foreign cells by binding to the antigen, pulling it inside it and ingesting it.

Question 2

Natural killer cells

Answer 2

• Police the body through blood and lymph.
• Can kill infected cells before the immune system is enlisted.
• Recognizes sugars on intruders surface.

Question 3

Inflammatory response

Answer 3

Body’s second line of defense (after skin), is triggered when body tissues are injured.

Question 4

What are the 4 signs of inflammation?

Answer 4

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

Question 5

What are the 2 immune body response types?

Answer 5

• Non specific - Barrier defense (skin, mucous membranes)

- Specific/immune system - attacks foreign substances. Lymphocytes and macrophages are the most important immune cells.

Question 6

Chemotaxis

Answer 6

• Causes blood vessels to dilate and capillaries to become leaky.
• Activates pain receptors.
• Attracts Phagocytes.

Question 7

Explain the inflammatory response

Answer 7

• Injured cells release histamine and kinins.
• Blood vessels become leaky
• Neutrophils begin engulfing damaged/dead tissue cells.
• Monocytes become macrophages with insatiable appetites.
• Clotting proteins leak in and begin closing off the damaged area.

Question 8

Complement

Answer 8

• Non specific defense.

- Proteins bind to sugars on the antigens surface, lesions form and water rushes in, cause the cell to burst.

Question 9

Interferon

Answer 9

• Virus infected cells defend non-infected cells by secreting interferons.
• Interferons bind to cell membrane receptors and hinder the virus’ ability to multiply.

Question 10

Humoral Immunity

Answer 10

• Antibodies present in the body’s fluids.

- Can be active or passive.

Question 11

Cell Mediated Immunity

Answer 11

• Lymphocytes themselves defend the body.
• Act against targets by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response.
• Macrophages are needed to present antigens for the T cells.

Question 12

Antigen

Answer 12

Any substance capable on entering our immune system and provoking a response.

Question 13

T Cells

Answer 13

• Made in bone marrow, move to thymus for maturation.

- Defend the body by cell mediated immunity.

Question 14

B Cells

Answer 14

-Made in bone marrow, produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity.

Question 15

Macrophages

Answer 15

• Antigen presenters.
• In the lymph organs and connective tissues.
• Engulf foreign particles and present them.

Question 16

Antibodies

Answer 16

• 2 short chains and 2 heavy chains.
• Each chain has a variable and a constant.
• Secreted by activated B cells.
• Capable of binding to an antigen.

Question 17

What are the 5 antibody classes?

Answer 17

M - Pentamers
A - Monomers and Dimers, found in mucous/secretions.
D - Basic Y shape antibodies (Monomers)
G - Basic Y shape, found in blood plasma and can fix complement.
E - Basic Y shape, involved in allergy issues.

Question 18

What are the 4 major Antibody functions?

Answer 18

1. Complement fixation - Binds to cellular targets, triggers lysis.
2. Neutralization - Binds to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins.
3. Agglutination - Clumping of foreign cells.
4. Precipitation - Large complexes become insoluble.

Question 19

What are the 3 types of T Cells?

Answer 19

1. Killer T Cells- Insert a chemical (perforin) into the plasma of a foreign cell causing it to rupture.
2. Helper T Cells- Recruit cells to fight invaders, push B cells to divide more rapidly.
3. Suppressor T Cells- Release chemicals to suppress T and B cell activity (stopping immune response.)

Question 20

What are 3 important aspects of the immune response?

Answer 20

1. Antigen specific.
2. Systemic.
3. Has memory.

Question 21

Lymphocytes

Answer 21

Made in red bone marrow, whether they turn into T or B cells depends on where they go to mature.

Question 22

What’s the difference between active and passive humoral immunity?

Answer 22

Active - B cells detect antigens and produce antibodies against them.
Passive - Antibodies enter your body through the serum of an immune human or animal.