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Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system constantly doing?

A

Defending the body

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2
Q

The four Rs of immune response

A

Recognize self from nonself

Respond to nonself invaders

Remember the invader

Regulate its action

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3
Q

immunocompetence

A

immune systems ability to mobilize and use its antibodies and other responses to stimulation by an antigen

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4
Q

what does it mean if homeostasis is disrupted

A

immuno-imcompetence

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5
Q

Immune responses

A

Allergies
Immunodeficiency
Autoimmune Disorder
Attacks on beneficial foreign tissue

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6
Q

First line of defense

A

Skin, body secretions, mucous membranes

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7
Q

Second line of defense

A

fever, inflammation, phagocyte

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8
Q

Third line of defense

A

immune response
–specific immunity
–action of T/B lymphocytes

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9
Q

Granulocytes

A

largest number of leukocytes– account for 60-80%

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10
Q

The GRAN team

A

Neutrophils–first responder

Eosinophils– allergic reactions

Basophils– immediate and late stage allergic reactions

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11
Q

Monocytes

A

mature into macrophages

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12
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T, B and Natural Killer cells

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13
Q

What type of immunity are T-cells

A

cell-mediated
–first line against fungal and viral infections
– release lyphokines which attract wbc to eat/fight invaders

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14
Q

What type of immunity are B-cells

A

humoral immunity
–primary defense against bacterial infections

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15
Q

What are natural killer cells

A

Cells that recognize and kill cells without assistance of macrophages

–results from maturation and differentiation

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16
Q

What is humoral immunity

A

B-cells

Antigen-T cell activates B cells to differentiate into plasma protein

plasma protein produce antibodies in response to specific antigen

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17
Q

what is cell-mediated immunity

A

activated by T-cells to tell B cells to make antibodies

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18
Q

What do helper T-cells do

A

switch on immune system to recognize antigens

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19
Q

What do suppressor T-cells do

A

limit immune response

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20
Q

What do cytotoxic T -cells do

A

destroys cancer cells, cell of transplanted organs, and grafted tissues

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21
Q

what is natural/innate immunity

A

present at birth
–dendritic cell
–natural killer cells
–acute phase protein
–normal flora

-memory

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22
Q

active natural immunity

A

exposure from infectious agent

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23
Q

passive natural immunity

A

maternal antibodies from mother to child

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24
Q

Medications that may have an indirect or direct action on immune function

A

Corticosteroids

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25
immediate hypersensitivity
-- Type 1 -- IgE response to allergen
26
example of immediate hypersenstivity
anaphylaxis, insect stings, hay fever, allergic asthma, food allergies
27
cytotoxic
--Type 2 --IgG or IgM antibodies bind with antigen
28
example of cytotoxic reactions
incompatible blood
29
immune allergic reaction
IgG or IgM antibody-antigen Lupus, RA
30
delayed immune reactions
T-lymphocytes-antigen
31
example of delayed immune response
contact dermatitis, TB, graft, transplant
32
what could cause an anaphylaxis reactoin
shellfish, eggs, nuts, berries, chocolate, penicillins, antibiotics, insulin, muscle relaxants, bee, wasp, hornet, and snake venom
33
anaphylaxis reaction
allergen reaches bloodstream
34
dramatic syndrom
bronchoconstriction hypotension urticaria wheezing vasodilation angioedema hives and pruitus
35
treatment of anaphylaxis
epinephrine antihistamine corticosteroids vasopressors bronchodilators oxygen endotracheal intubation
36
Reaction of a positive skin test
wheal (swelling) and flare (redness) response
37
what is allergic rhinitis
reaction of the nasal mucosa to a specific antigen
38
when does allergic rhinitis usually occur
spring and fall
39
signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis
thin, clear, watery nasal discharge nasal congestion sneezing nasal itching nasal appears swollen mimics common cold symptoms
40
medications for allergic rhinitis
Antihistamines Corticosteriods Antipruritic drugs Mast cell stabilizers LTRAs
41
What is pertussis (whooping cough)
agent: bordetella pertussis incubation: 5-21 days (usually 10 days) communicable period: greatest during stage when discharge from respiratory secretions occurs (catarrhal stage)
42
Manifestations of pertussis
loud high-pitched cough cyanosis, resp. depression, and tongue protrusion, irritability
43
possible complications of pertussis
pneumonia, atelectasis hemorrhage prolapsed rectum
44
Rubeola (Measles)
agent: paramyxovirus virus) incubation: 10-20 days communicable period: 4 days before to 5 days after (mostly during prodromal stage) transmission: airborne, direct contact, transplacental transmission
45
manifestations of measles
fever malaise coryza, cough, conjunctivitis red rash appears from top to bottom koplik spots (small, red spots with a bluish white center) -- these are seen in buccal mucosa and last for 3 days
46
possible complications of measles
pneumonia, bronchiolitis, encephalitis, koplik spots
47
treatment for measles
airborne/contact precautions dim lights if photophobia present antipyretics (acetaminophen) vitamin A supplements
48
interventions for pertussis
isolate child during catarrhal stage. droplet/contact precautions antimicrobial therapy-- maybe
49
Rubella (German measles)
agent: rubella virus incubation: 14-21 days communicable period: 7 days before to about 5 days after rash appears transmission: airborne/direct contact with infectious droplets, transplacental
50
manifestations of rubella (German measles)
low-grade fever malaise pinkish-red rash that begins on face and spreads to rest of body within 1-3 days petechia red, pinpoint spots
51
interventions of rubella
airborne/contact precautions isolate the infected child from pregnant women
52
Mumps
agent: paramyxovirus incubation: 14-21 days communicable period: immediately before and after parotid gland swelling begins transmission: direct/droplet
53
manifestations of mumps
fever headache and malaise anorexia jaw or ear pain while chewing aseptic meningitis
54
interventions of mumps
droplet/contact precautions bedrest avoid foods that require chewing hot or cold compresses to neck
55
chickenpox (varicella)
agent: VCZ virus incubation: 13-17 days communicable period: 1-2 days before onset of the rash to 6 days after the first crop of vesicles, when crusts have formed transmission: direct/droplet/airborne/contaminated objects
56
manifestations of chickenpox
slight fever-malaise anorexia lesions may appear on the mucous membranes, genital area, and rectal area
57
interventions for chickenpox
isolation until vesicles have dried antivirals VCZ, IVIG for immunocompromised
58
infectious mononucleosis
agent: epstein-barr virus incubation: 4-6 weeks communicable period: unknown transmission: direct intimate contact
59
manifestations of mono
fever sore throat headache fatigue enlarged tonsils hepatosplenomegaly
60
interventions for mono
supportive care monitor signs of splenic rupture
61
antigen
immunogen --any foreign substance which induces antibody formation
62
antibodies
immunoglobins --protein made by the body that targets a specific antigen to destroy it
63
active artificial immunity
immunization or vaccination
64
passive artificial immunity
injection of antibodies
65
immunotherapy or desensitization
pt receives doses of offending allergens over a period of 1-3 years to develop immunity gradually
66
HIV
destruction of helper T-cells (CD4+) transmission: mother to baby, intercourse, injections
67
HIV disease
active and symptomatic
68
HIV infection
have it, but asymptomatic
69
manifestations of HIV disease
flu-like symptoms night sweats weight loss d/v fever/fatigue

Nursing II (3 decks)

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