Immune System

Question 1

Epidemic

Answer 1

Occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness

Question 2

Pandemic

Answer 2

Epidemic that has spread over several countries/continents affecting a large number of people

Question 3

Viremia

Answer 3

Virus presence in the blood

Question 4

Seroconvert

Answer 4

Change from seronegative to seropositive
Time period that a specific antibody develops and becomes detectable in the blood

Question 5

Enterovirus

Answer 5

Viruses that use a transmission route through the intestine

Question 6

RNA Virus

Answer 6

Virus that stores genetic information in the form of RNA
RNA replicates using virally encoded polymerase - the RNA genome is the template for synthesis of additional RNA

Question 7

The role of macrophage polarization in chronic musculoskeletal conditions

Answer 7

M1 phenotype macrophage causes a pro-inflammatory response
M2 phenotype macrophage causes an anti-inflammatory response

Question 8

Innate immune response to chronic musculoskeletal conditions

Answer 8

DAMPs released then leads to an inflammatory response

Question 9

Adaptive immune response to chronic musculoskeletal conditions

Answer 9

Helps repair injured and diseased tissue

Question 10

Time course of the immune response in fracture healing

Answer 10

Hematoma (0-5 days)
Repair: Soft Callus (5-16 days)
Repair: Hard Callus (16-21 days)
Remodeling (21-63+ days)

Question 11

How is exercise induced cytokine production important to musculoskeletal health

Answer 11

Exercise induced activation of the immune response is primarily via cytokine signaling
Cytokine secretion is primarily from skeletal muscle (myokines)
Cytokine expression modulates the immune response, net effect being an anti inflammatory response