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MBChB Y1 Glasgow > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils, Basophils and Nuetrophils

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2
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages

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3
Q

How can you identify basophils?

A

Can’t see the nucleus due to dark-purple staining granules

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4
Q

How can you identify neutrophils?

A

Multi-lobes nucleus, stain light purple

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5
Q

How can you identify Eosinophils?

A

Stain RED!! Bi-lobed nucleus

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6
Q

How can you identify Lymphocytes?

A

Small (same size as RBC’s)

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7
Q

How can you identify Monocytes

A

BIG!! Kidney bean shaped nucleus

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8
Q

What are the antigen-presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages and B Lymphocytes.

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9
Q

Where is Major Histocompatibility Complex Class-I found and what does it present to?

A

It is present on all nucleated cells and presents to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.

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10
Q

Where is Major Histocompatibility Complex Class-II found and what does it present to?

A

Class II is restricted to dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells etc. i.e. APCs. Class II presents only to CD4 T Lymphocytes.

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11
Q

What is the function of Basophils?

A
  1. Prevent Blood Clotting - By releasing Heparin.
  2. Mediating allergic reactions: Basophils release histamine during allergic reactions. Basophils are also thought to play a role in causing the body to produce the antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE).
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12
Q

What is the function of Neutrophils?

A

They destroy pathogens by phagocytosis and release of hydrolytic enzymes.

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13
Q

What is the function of Eosinophils?

A

Their primary function is to combat parasitic infection.

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14
Q

What is the function of B Lymphocytes?

A

B Lymphocytes are the mediators of humoral immunity. B cells produce antibodies that serve as receptors that recognise antigens and initiate a process of activation of the cells.

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15
Q

What is the function of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CD8+)?

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill cells harbouring intracellular microbes.

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16
Q

What is the function of T Helper Lymphocytes (CD4+)?

A

When T helper cells are activated, they produce cytokines which promote activation of macrophages, inflammation proliferation and differentiation of T and B Lymphocytes. They are activated by MHC Class II

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17
Q

What do Lymph nodes do?

A
  • The Lymph nodes collect antigens from the periphery to present to naive T lymphocytes to activate the adaptive immune system.
  • APCs (dendritic cells) will always travel to the nearest lymph node for presentation. Therefore antigens arrive via different routes to different lymphoid tissue.
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18
Q

What are the 5 types of antibodies?

A

IgA, IgD, IgGE IgG, IgM

19
Q

Where is IgA found and what does it do?

A
  • Found in saliva, tears, mucus, breast milk and intestinal fluid.
  • IgA protects against ingested and inhaled pathogens.
20
Q

Where is IgD found and what does it do?

A
  • IgD is found on the surface of your B cells.
  • Though its exact function is unclear, experts think that IgD supports B cell maturation and activation.
21
Q

Where is IgE found and what does it do?

A
  • IgE is found mainly in the skin, lungs and mucous membranes.
  • IgE antibodies cause your mast cells (a type of white blood cell) to release histamine and other chemicals into your bloodstream. IgE antibodies help fight off allergic reactions.
22
Q

Where is IgG found and what does it do?

A
  • This is the most common antibody, making up approximately 70% to 75% of all immunoglobulins in your body. It’s found mainly in blood and tissue fluids.
  • IgG antibodies help protect your body from viral and bacterial infections.
23
Q

Where is IgM found and what does it do?

A
  • IgM is found in your blood and lymph system.
  • IgM antibodies act as the first line of defence against infections. They also play a large role in immune regulation.
24
Q

What are Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)?

A
  • Pathogens have molecules that humans don’t have and they’re called pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs.
  • PAMPs are recognized by Pattern Recognition Receptors or PRRs which are receptors on various immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells.
25
Q

What are examples of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns?

A
  • PAMPs include bacterial wall components (like peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid), fungal wall components, and flagella proteins (which can be found on some parasites and bacteria).
  • For intracellular pathogens, like viruses, PAMPs might include the viral RNA or DNA.
26
Q

What are Toll-Like Receptors? What is their interaction with PAMPs?

A
  • Toll-like receptors are membrane receptors which recognise PAMPs and when they do recognise these, they activate a series of reactions → leading to inflammation.
  • Toll-like Receptors are mainly expressed by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages, but they are also found in other immune and non-immune cells.
27
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A
  • It isolates the damaged area so that white blood cells and effectors can quickly arrive at the site of infection.
  • It promotes healing and tissue repair and generally protects the body.
28
Q

What triggers inflammation?

A
  • The inflammatory response occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat or any other cause.
  • The damaged cells release chemicals like histamine, bradykinin and prostaglandins - these are all proinflammatory factors.
  • These factors cause blood vessels to leak fluid into tissues - causing swelling
29
Q

What does inflammation rectruit?

A

Inflammation causes the attraction of white blood cells to the site of injury. The main cell of acute inflammation is the neutrophil.

30
Q

What are the four stages of neutrophil migration?

A
  1. Margination– cells line up against the endothelium
  2. Rolling– close contact with and roll along the endothelium
  3. Adhesion– connecting to the endothelial wall
  4. Emigration– cells move through the vessel wall to the affected area
31
Q

What does the complement system result in?

A
  • Stimulation of inflammatory reactions - the destruction of microbes by leukocytes.
  • Opsonisation of pathogens (make a foreign cell more susceptible to phagocytosis)
  • Complement-mediated cytolysis - osmotic lysis of the microbe.
32
Q

What is the complement system?

A

A collection of circulating and cell membrane proteins that play important roles in host defence against microbes and antibody-mediated tissue injury.

33
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A
  • Capture protein antigens of microbes that enter through the epithelia.
  • Transport their antigens to regional lymph nodes.
  • Here the antigen-bearing dendritic cells display portions of the antigens for recognition by T lymphocytes. They are also known as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).
34
Q

What is the structure of Gram-Positive Bacteria?

A

Gram Negative bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer that surrounds the bacteria.

35
Q

What is the structure of Gram-Negative Bacteria?

A

Gram-negative organisms have a reduced peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane that includes lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.

36
Q

What colour do Gram Positive bacteria stain?

A

Purple or blue.

37
Q

What colour do Gram-Negative bacteria stain?

A

Pink or red.

38
Q

What colour does Haematoxylin stain? What structures does it stain?

A

Hematoxylin stains a deep blue-purple colour and stains nucleic acids (basophilic structures).

39
Q

What colour does Eosin stain? What structures does it stain?

A

Eosin stains structures pink and stains cytoplasm (acidophilic structures).

40
Q

What is the structure of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Gram-positive cocci

41
Q

What is the structure of Escherichia coli?

A

Gram-negative bacilli

42
Q

What is the structure of Neisseria meningitidis

A

Gram-negative diplococci

43
Q

What is the structure of Salmonella

A

gram negative bacilli

44
Q

What is the structure of c.difficile

A

gram positive rod

MBChB Y1 Glasgow (12 decks)

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