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Biology - Year 9 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Disease

A

any conidition in which the body or parts of the body do not function properly

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2
Q

Infectious disease

A

diseases that are caused by pathogens

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3
Q

Main ways disease is spread

A

direct contact with an infected person, animal or their discharges
Contaminated food and water
Disease-carrying insects

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4
Q

pathogen

A

harmful disease causing organism

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5
Q

Bacteria infections are treated with

A

antibiotics

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6
Q

contagious infection

A

Spread by physical contact

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7
Q

How is death measured

A

CFR (case fatality ratio) the percentage of infected people that die from it

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8
Q

How is contagiouness measured

A

the average number of people that an infected person passes the disease to, assuming R0

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9
Q

what is R0

A

assumption that no-one is protected by vaccination or previous exposure to the disease

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10
Q

Immune system

A

Special organs, cells and chemicals that fight infection (microbes)

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11
Q

Main parts of immune system

A

white blood cells
antibodies
complement system (proteins that assist defence e.g. burst open infected cells)
lymphatic system
spleen
bone marrow
thymus

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12
Q

How many lines of defence

A

3

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13
Q

1st line of defence

A

physucal barriers to prevent infection

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14
Q

Skin

A

It forms a physical barrier between the body and the outside environment

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15
Q

Outer layer of skin

A

he epidermis, consists of dead cells filled with the protein keratin. These cells form a tough, waterproof covering on the body, difficult to get in.

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16
Q

Inside of mouth and nose are lined with

A

mucous membranes

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17
Q

Other organs that are exposed to substances from the environment are

A

lined with mucous membranes

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18
Q

mucous membranes produce

A

mucous

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19
Q

Mucus is

A

sticky, moist secretion that covers mucous membranes. The mucus traps pathogens and particles so they can’t enter the body.

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20
Q

any mucous membranes are also covered with

A

cilia

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21
Q

Cilia

A

tiny, hair-like projections that move in waves and sweep mucus and trapped pathogens toward body openings

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22
Q

Biological 1st line

A

millions of bacteria that compete with harmful bacteria for food and space. They prevent the harmful bacteria from multiplying

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23
Q

Chemical barriers 1st line

A

Variety of fluids, including tears, saliva, and sweat.

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24
Q

fluids contain enzymes called

A

lysozymes which break down the cell walls of bacteria and kill them

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25
Q

hydrochloric acid (stomach acid)

A

This acid kills most pathogens that enter the stomach in food or water

26
Q

Urine

A

also acidic, so few pathogens are able to grow in it.

27
Q

Air entering though nose

A

is filtered by hairs

28
Q

Vomiting

A

Quick way of getting rid of something in the stomach

29
Q

Diarrhoea

A

Quick of way of getting rid of something that has gone past the stomach

30
Q

When pathogen enters tissues

A

the affected area becomes red hot and swollen

31
Q

Histamine

A

hormone that increases blood flow to cells

32
Q

When bacteria enter body

A

damaged nearby cells trigger immune system to start

33
Q

First cells to show up

A

macrophages

34
Q

macrophages

A

very large cells that digest bacteria

35
Q

second cells to show up

A

neutrophils

36
Q

neutrophils

A

smaller cells that kill cells by vomiting harmful substances or digesting including your own,

37
Q

neutrophils self destruct

A

they self destruct to prevent them from hurting more than they need to, they release a net of chemicals to kill bacteria even after they die, they kill even after theyre ‘dead’

38
Q

colateral proteins

A

bacteria inside inflamed fluid that rips apart pathogens

39
Q

second line of defence

A

general responses to infection

40
Q

dendritic cells

A

ripping apart sampled bacteria, goes around the bloodstream finding the T Cell by rubbing bacteria on it to help recognise it

41
Q

Your immune system has a type of T cell

A

for every disease in the universe

42
Q

when dendritic cell finds t cell

A

activates third line of defence by multiplying itself and splitting into two groups

43
Q

t cells at infection site

A

uses chemical signals to renegrise macrophages and instruct them to destroy the bacteria

44
Q

what is pus

A

the collection of dead white blood cells

45
Q

fever function

A

Making the body less favourable for replicating viruses and bacteria
Assists movement of white blood cells
Drives activity of certain immune proteins

46
Q

pyrogens

A

induce fever by triggering the hypothalamus which triggers the endocrine and nervous systems

47
Q

Once the pyrogens are no longer being released

A

body temperature will return to normal.

48
Q

third line of defence

A

identify and destroy specific pathogens
build long-lasting immunity against the pathogens in case they infect the body again

49
Q

The third line of defence is made up of

A

specialized white blood cells.

50
Q

strength of the third line of defence is that

A

it can develop an effective weapon and builds immunity

51
Q

t cells not at infection site

A

finding B cells, when it does b cells multiply and produce lots of antibodies

52
Q

B cells

A

are antibody factories and can produce the right antibody for every disease in the universe

53
Q

antibodies

A

protein superweapons that grab, stun (by surrounding to stop them from moving), lets white blood cells destroy easier

54
Q

after bacteria is mostly gone

A

second and third line begin to self destruct to conserve energy

55
Q

remaining T and B cells

A

turn into memory cells, produce small amounts of antibodies

56
Q

antibodies help recognise

A

which cells are the pathogens

57
Q

Vaccinations

A

a type of medicine that trains the body’s immune system to simulate a pathogen to build memory against it without exposing humans to the full strength of disease

58
Q

Types of vaccines

A

live attenuated (live but weakened), inactive (dead) that still trigger response, subunit vaccines (made of only the part that triggers the response), DNA vaccines (mad of only the dna that triggers the response),

59
Q

downside

A

live attenuated pose a risk for lower immune systems, inactive doesn’t build long lasting immunity,

60
Q

A vaccine triggers

A

third line of defence, B cells to produce antibodies and memory cells that remain in the body.

61
Q

Vacccines allow the immune system to quickly identify

A

and fight the pathogen in any future infection by building immunity

62
Q
A

Biology - Year 9 (4 decks)

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