Immune system Flashcards
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell
immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies
reducing its size
producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
bone marrow
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
B lymphocytes
pinocytosis
natural killer cells
T lymphocytes
natural killer cells
Clonal selection of B cells ________.
only occurs in the secondary immune response
results in the formation of plasma cells
occurs during fetal development
cannot occur in the presence of antigens
results in the formation of plasma cells
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
agglutination
chemotaxis
opsonization
diapedesis
opsonization
Cytotoxic T cells ________.
function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations
require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function
are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
Delayed hypersensitivities ________.
do not involve T cells
include allergic contact dermatitis
include anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that results in inadequate blood delivery to all tissues
are mediated by B cells
include allergic contact dermatitis
Fever ________.
is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous
decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy
causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body’s thermostat to a higher setting
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body’s thermostat to a higher setting
Graft rejection may be caused by ________.
total body irradiation
treatment with antilymphocyte serum
using a xenograft
use of immunosuppressive drugs
using a xenograft
Helper T cells ________.
function in the adaptive immune system activation
bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin
often function to decrease the immune response
release B7 proteins
function in the adaptive immune system activation
Immunocompetence ________.
occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system
is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
requires exposure to an antigen
prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader
is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
antigen
antibody
interferon
complement
antigen
Innate immune system defenses include ________.
phagocytosis
T cells
plasma cells
B cells
phagocytosis
Interferons ________.
act by increasing the rate of cell division
are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
interfere with viral replication within cells
are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus
interfere with viral replication within cells
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________.
rabies
juvenile diabetes
hepatitis
pregnancy
juvenile diabetes
Natural killer (NK) cells ________.
are cells of the adaptive immune system
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
are a type of phagocyte
are also called cytotoxic T cells
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.
diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall
monocytes as the most active phagocyte
margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Regulatory T cells ________.
release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells
decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases
are the most thoroughly understood T cells
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.
Allografts are between different species.
Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.
Isografts are between identical twins.
Xenografts are between individuals of the same species.
Isografts are between identical twins.
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body.
Immunological memory is established by passive immunization.
The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
Select the correct statement about antigens.
The largest type of antigen is called a hapten.
“Self-antigens” is another name for incomplete antigens.
Only small antigens exhibit reactivity.
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.
The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.
The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease.
Hodgkin’s disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children.
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition.
The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.
The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.
Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.
Antibodies may directly destroy “invaders.”
Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together.
Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on “self.”
Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated.
Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one’s own tissues.
The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only.
Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.
haptens
antibodies
ions
reagins
haptens
The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds.
sodium
amino acid
hydrogen
disulfide
disulfide
The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________.
cytotoxic cells
plasma cells
regulatory cells
helper cells
cytotoxic cells
The primary immune response ________.
occurs when memory cells are stimulated
occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response
is another name for immunological memory
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________.
diapedesis
margination
chemotaxis
phagocytosis
chemotaxis
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
phagocyte mobilization
vasoconstriction
production of complement and interferon
vasodilation
vasodilation
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?
B cell
APC
cytotoxic T cell
helper T cell
helper T cell
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?
intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells
some cancer cells
foreign tissue transplants
pathogens in the CNS
pathogens in the CNS
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
gastric juice
cilia
keratin
phagocytes
phagocytes
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
exposure to an antigen
booster shot of vaccine
infusion of weakened viruses
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?
composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
three binding sites per antibody monomer
incapable of being transferred from one person to another
carbohydrate structure
composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
contain many repeating chemical units
reactivity with an antibody
small molecules
inhibit production of antibodies
reactivity with an antibody
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?
ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis
chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing
chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?
They are are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms.
They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
They include allergic contact dermatitis.
They are also called type IV hypersensitivities.
They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
disposes of cellular debris and pathogens
sets the stage for repair processes
prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?
cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens
a second exposure to an allergen
mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present
exposure of previously “hidden” self-antigens to the adaptive immune system
a second exposure to an allergen
Which of the following is not a type of T cell?
helper
antigenic
regulatory
cytotoxic
antigenic
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
multiple sclerosis
glomerulonephritis
type II diabetes
systemic lupus erythematosus
type II diabetes
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
It is systemic.
It is specific for a given organ.
It is antigen-specific.
It has memory.
It is specific for a given organ.
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers.
MHC proteins are the cell’s identity markers.
Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells
Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens.
NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.
NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
cytotoxic hypersensitivity
allergic contact dermatitis
anaphylaxis
immune complex hypersensitivity
allergic contact dermatitis
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?
Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
Antigens only come from microbes.
The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants.
Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigens only come from microbes.
________ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.
Interleukin 1 proteins
Perforins
Cytokines
Interleukin 2 proteins
Cytokines
________ determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
Memory cell production
Enzymes present at the time of the invasion
Our genes
The type of antigen
our genes
________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections.
B cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
Macrophages
Macrophages
