Immune System

Question 1

What are the two immune systems?

Answer 1

Innate and adaptive

Question 2

Leukocyte

Answer 2

-white blood cells
- mobile army of protective cells
- protect against pathogens

Question 3

Types of Leukocytes

Answer 3

Granulocyte: large, short lived, contain membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules
Agranulocyte: white blood cell with no granules

Question 4

Neutrophil
Structure and Function

Answer 4

Structure
- multi lobed nucleus with granules
- contains defensin
Function
- phagocyte eats cells (bacteria slayer)
- increase in # during infection
-chemically attracted to inflammation

Question 5

Eosinophils
Structure and Function

Answer 5

Structure
- bilobed nucleus with red granules (contains digestive enzyme)
Function
- lysosome breaks apart (digest paracydic worms)
- complex role in allergies and asthma

Question 6

Basophils
Structure and Function

Answer 6

Structure (rare)
- bilobed nucleus with black/purple granules (contains histamine)
Function
- releases histamine (inflammation/vasodilation)

Question 7

Lymphocytes
Structure and Function

Answer 7

Structure
- spherical, nucleated cells
Function
- T cells: viruses/tumors
-B cells: produce antibodies
-NKC: kill cancer cells/virally infected cells

Question 8

Monocytes
Structure and Function

Answer 8

Structure
- u/kidney shaped nucleus
Function
- macrophage (big digester)
- viruses and chronic infections

Question 9

Innate Surface Barriers

Answer 9

• skin
• mucous membranes

Question 10

Cell / Chemical Innate Defenses

Answer 10

• phagocyte
• natural killer cells
• inflammation
• fever

Question 11

Four signs of inflammation

Answer 11

1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Pain
4. Swelling

Question 12

Benefits of inflammation

Answer 12

• prevent spread of damage
• dispose of debris
• if pathogen, alerts immune system
• allows nutrients into area to repair

Question 13

How does inflammation occur?

Answer 13

1. Damage/infection causes release of histamine
2. Vasodilation signals wbc to area

Question 14

What is a fever?

Answer 14

• inhibits antigen reproduction, store’s critical nutrients
  -abnormally high internal body temperature
• self induced
• systematic approach

Question 15

Three stages of Adaptive Defenses

Answer 15

1. Recognize & destroy antigen
2. Systematic response, not limited to region of infection
3. System has memory after exposure and can recognize quicker to mount attack

Question 16

Immunologic Memory

Answer 16

• primary response takes 3-6 days to recognize, destroy, and inform immune system
• build antibodies (peak 10 days)

Question 17

Active Memory

Answer 17

Natural- exposed through environment and gained immunity
Artificial- exposed on purpose to gain immunity (vaccine)

Question 18

Passive Memory

Answer 18

Natural- babies in the womb and breast milk
Artificial- given antibodies from source (in hospital)

Question 19

Innate barriers

Answer 19

• skin
• mucous
• tears
• salvia
• sweat
• stomach acid
• nose hairs / eyelashes

Question 20

Neutrophils and Macrophages

Answer 20

-engulf / destroy pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 21

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 21

Release chemicals that cause death of body’s infected / cancerous cells

Question 22

Anti microbial protein

Answer 22

• at injury site
• interferons: warn cells
• complement system: alters blood vessels permeability and blood clotting factors, allows wbc to enter

Question 23

Inflammatory Response

Answer 23

1. Basophil releases histamine & cytokine for vasodilation/ chemical messenger
2. Increase in # of wbc & neutrophils
3. Ingulf invaders & clot blood to stop spread

Question 24

Phagocyte

Answer 24

Engulfs pathogen and becomes APC (Antigen Presenting Cell)

Question 25

Humoral Immunity

Answer 25

B Cell: multiplies and differentiates
Memory Cell
Plasma Cell: releases antibodies that bind on pathogens

Question 26

Cell Medicated Immunity

Answer 26

T Cell: binds antigen complex on an infected cell, releases perforin and granzymes