Bone Notes

Question 1

What is the Function of Bones?

Answer 1

Protection
Support
Mineral & growth factor storage
Movement

Question 2

What are the two classifications?

Answer 2

Axial: head, spine, rib cage
Appendicular: arms, legs, attachment points

Question 3

4 classifications of Shape

Answer 3

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

Question 4

Long:
Ex:

Answer 4

Longer than is wide
Femur/humorous

Question 5

Short:
Example:

Answer 5

Cube-shaped
Carpals/tarsals

Question 6

Flat:
Ex:

Answer 6

Thin, does not do hematopoiesis
Sternum/ribs

Question 7

Irregular:
Ex:

Answer 7

Complicated shape, doesn’t fit into other categories
Pelvis/vertebrae

Question 8

What is a Projection
Ex:

Answer 8

Markings that stick out for attachment purposes
Femur/vertebrae

Question 9

What is a Depression
Ex:

Answer 9

Anything that dips inwards
Pelvic bone

Question 10

What is an Opening
Ex:

Answer 10

Allows for nerves and blood vessels to run through it
Cranium

Question 11

Osteogenic Cell
Structure & Function

Answer 11

Structure:
- Stem cell
- unstructured, not matured until later
- has generic organelles
Function:
- can turn into osteoblast or bone-lining cell

Question 12

Osteoblast
Structure & Function

Answer 12

Structure:
- has large matrix
Function:
- responsible for bone formation and bone growth

Question 13

Osteocytes
Structure and Function

Answer 13

Structure:
- oval shape with projections to sense
Function:
- maintains bone matrix
- senses stress/strain

Question 14

Bone-lining Cell
Structure and Function

Answer 14

Structure:
- flat cells located on surface of bone where remodeling is occurring
Function:
- protect remodeling bone
- maintain matrix

Question 15

Osteoclasts
Structure and Function

Answer 15

Structure:
- giant, multi nucleated cells
- ruffled borders contain enzymes
Function:
- breaks down bone

Question 16

How do the work together?

Answer 16

Osteocytes maintain bone health and alert if stress is found, while osteogenic cells wait to turn into something else. If stress is found osteoclasts destroy/clean up debris while osteoblasts create new bone to replace it. During the repairs bone-lining cells cover up and protect the remodeling bone area.

Question 17

Epiphysis

Answer 17

End of long bones (proximal and distal)
Articulate highland cartilage
Start from end of bone to epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

Question 18

Diaphysis

Answer 18

Middle/shaft of long bone
Hollow (medullary cavity) contains bone marrow

Question 19

Membranes

Answer 19

Lining membranes on inside & outside of bone
Periosteum: outside of compact bone, connective tissue
Endosteum: inside of compact bone, connective tissue

Question 20

Compact bone

Answer 20

Dense, outside layer of every bone
Appears smooth and solid

Question 21

Spongey bone

Answer 21

Can be filled with bone marrow
At end of long bones
Designed to resist stress/strain

Question 22

Hemopoietic tissue

Answer 22

Bone marrow is where blood cells mature and form