Immune System

Question 1

This is resistance to disease

Answer 1

Immunity

Question 2

What are the two innate lines of defense and what makes them up?

Answer 2

First Line-Skin and Membranes

Second Line- internal cells and chemicals

Question 3

What is the adaptive innate defense system?

Answer 3

Third line of defense, memory, provoke immune response

Question 4

Surface barriers as in the first line of defense can _____ or _____ microorganisms

Answer 4

inhibit or destroy

Question 5

The second line of defense has two types of phagocytes, what are they?

Answer 5

Neutrophils-most common

Macrophages-developed from monocytes

Question 6

These cells used in 2nd line of defense are large, granular lymphocytes that lack “self” receptors. They use apoptosis in cancer and virus infected cells

Answer 6

Natural Killer Cells

Question 7

What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 7

Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain

Question 8

This is the first step of phangocyte mobilization where there is a release of neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leukocytosis inducing factor from injured cells

Answer 8

Leukocytosis

Question 9

This is the second step of phangocyte mobilization is when neutrophils cling to the wall of capillaries in inflamed areas

Answer 9

Margination

Question 10

What is the third step of phangocyte mobilization that is transportation of neutrophils

Answer 10

Diapedsis

Question 11

This is the final step of phangocyte mobilization when inflammatory chemicals promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils

Answer 11

Chemotaxis

Question 12

These are produced by virus-infected cells that enter and block the reproduction of other viruses

Answer 12

Interferons

Question 13

Interferons reduce ______ and ____ macrophages and NK cells

Answer 13

inflammation

active

Question 14

This antimircobial protein encompasses 20 blood proteins that inactivate form in body fluids, it destroys foreign substances and enhances defenses

Answer 14

the complement

Question 15

How does the complement kill bacteria and certain types of cells?

Answer 15

Cell Lysis

Question 16

There are two pathways of complement activation, they both lead to the formation of Membrane attact complex

Answer 16

Classical and Alternative

Question 17

This pathway also promotes phangocytosis by antibody coating and enhances inflammation

Answer 17

Alternative pathway

Question 18

This is a systematic response to invading microorganisms caused by pyrogens that reset the bodys thermostat upwards

Answer 18

Fever

Question 19

The adaptive immune system has two branches, what are they?

Answer 19

Humoral and Cellular

Question 20

This adaptive immune system response is based on the release of specific antibodies

Answer 20

Humoral

Question 21

This adaptive immunity uses specific cells to combat pathogens or other threats

Answer 21

Cellular immunity

Question 22

Both humoral and cellular immunity have the ability to recognize these which are large complexes that provoke an immune response

Answer 22

Antigens

Question 23

Substances that are naturally found in the body are called _____ whereas substances not normally found in the body are called ______

Answer 23

self

nonself

Question 24

Foreign protein and polysaccharides are usually called _____ antigens because they have two important functions

Answer 24

complete antigens

Question 25

This property of complete antigens has the ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies

Answer 25

Immunogencey

Question 26

This property of complete antigens has the ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and antibodies released

Answer 26

Reactivity

Question 27

These are small molecules that are immunogenic only when attached body proteins, they are common in allergic reactions

Answer 27

Incomplete antigens or haptens

Question 28

There are two types of lymphocytes, these mature in the red bone marrow and are part of the humoral immunity

Answer 28

B lymphocytes

Question 29

There are two types of lymphocytes, these mature in the thymus and are part of cell mediated immunity

Answer 29

T lymphocytes

Question 30

Mature lymphocytes have the ability to reconize and bind to specific antigens, which is called

Answer 30

Immunocompetence

Question 31

Mature lymphocytes are unresponsive to self-antigens which is also known as

Answer 31

Self tolerance

Question 32

In order to undergo self-tolerance, T lymphocytes undergo a two-step process, what are the two steps?

Answer 32

Positive-selects T cells caplable of binding self-MHC | Negative- prompts apoptosis of T cells that bind self-antigens displayed by self-MHC

Question 33

These play an essential role in immunity, they do not respond to specific antigens but present fragments of antigens to be recognized to lymphocytes

Answer 33

Antigen presenting cells

Question 34

This APC is in connective tissue and the epidermis

Answer 34

Dentric

Question 35

This APC is in connective tissues and lymphoid organs

Answer 35

Macrophages

Question 36

This APC is in all tissues

Answer 36

B cells

Question 37

The first encounter between antigen and a naive immunocompetent lymphoycyte is called

Answer 37

Antigen challenge

Question 38

Antigen challenge usually occurs in in where?

Answer 38

Spleen or lymph node

Question 39

If a lymphocyte is a B cell the antigen challenge leads to formation of a clone which are _____ that secrete ______ against the antigens encountered`

Answer 39

Plasma cells | antibodies

Question 40

B cells that do not form plasma cells become _______ cells that create the immunological memory which helps the body mount an immediate response to furture expose the same antigen

Answer 40

Memory cells

Question 41

This response to first exposure to specfic antigens is called _____ immune response and takes about 3-6 days for antibodies to appear

Answer 41

Primary

Question 42

_______ immune response occurs on re-exposure to the same antigen. ________ cells respond within hours and levels peak to 2-3 days

Answer 42

Secondary | Memory

Question 43

_______ _______ immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them.

Answer 43

Active humoral

Question 44

The first type of active humoral immunity is a response to a bacterial or viral infection

Answer 44

Naturally Acquired

Question 45

This active humoral is a response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

Answer 45

Artificially Acquired.

Question 46

In _____ _______ immunity, B cells are not challenged by antigens. Thus immunological memory does not occur

Answer 46

Passive humoral