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ZBIO 106 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of Immune System?

A

To protect the body from disease.

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2
Q

What are Pathogens?

A

Agents that cause disease such as bacteria, fungus virus (microbes)

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3
Q

What are the 2 basic types of Immune defense found among animals?

A

The innate defense system and the Adaptive Defense System

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4
Q

What are the Other Names, Characteristics, Cells Involved & their functions for the innate defense system?

A

Non-specific defense system, Present before exposure, inherited from parents, affects a broad range of pathoens, nonspecific response, relies on receptor proteins, it contains the first and second lines of defense rapid response. Phagocytes (Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Eosinophils). Natural-killer cells. Mast cells. Complement and other proteins.

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5
Q

What are the Other Names, Characteristics, Cells Involved & their functions for the aquired defense system?

A

Adaptive, specific
Develops after exposure, relies on a vast set of receptor proteins, antigen specific (specific response to particular pathogens), slower response (2days-week)
B-Lymphocytes (B cells, produce antibodies specific for antigen). T-Lymphocytes (T cells, kill abnormal and infected cells) APC (present Ag to T cells).

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6
Q

What are the three lines of defense?

A

1st: External defense (skin, mucus membrane, & secretions of skin and mucus membrane). 2nd: Internal defense (Phagocytic, NK cells, Antimicrobial proteins, IFNs-interferons for viral infection, compliments to help antibodies, inflammatory response: swelling, heat, redness, & fever) 3rd: Specific defense (Lymphocytes, Antibodies, Memory Cells).

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7
Q

What is the original immune cell and what branches does it divide into?

A

The hematopoletic stem cell divide into the lymphoid lineage–starting with the lymphoid progenitor–and the myeloid lineage–stating with the myeloid progenitor

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8
Q

What is the lymphoid lineage?

A

The lymphoid progenitor leads to the B cell progenitor, Natural Killer Cells, and T cell progenitor.
The B cell progenitor leads to the Memory B Cell and the plasma cell
The T cell progenitor leads to Memory T Cells, Cytotoxin T Cells, and Helper T Cells

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9
Q

What is the myeloid lineage?

A

The myeloid progenitor leads to three main cells: Neutrophil, Eosinophil, and Monocytes but also Mast Cells and Basophil,
Monocytes lead to Dendritic Cells and Macrophages.

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10
Q

What defense system do Basophils belong to and what is their function?

A

Innate and Adaptive, they release histamine in response to injury; may promote the development of T cells. (& stimulate inflammation)

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11
Q

What defense system do Eosinophils belong to and what is their function?

A

Adaptive, they kill antibody-coated parasites by discharging destructive enzyme

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12
Q

What defense system do Neutrophils belong to and what is their function?

A

Innate, they stimulate inflammation; engulf and digest microorganisms (Short lived phagocytic cells)

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13
Q

What defense system do Mast cells belong to and what is their function?

A

AKA mastocyte or labrocyte, Innate, they release histamine when damaged

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14
Q

What defense system do Monocytes belong to and what is their function?

A

Innate and adaptive, they develop into macrophages and dendritic cells (long-term phagocytes)

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15
Q

What defense system do Macrophages belong to and what is their function?

A

Innate and adaptive, they engulf and digest microorganisms; activate T cells

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16
Q

What defense system do Dendritic cells belong to and what is their function?

A

Adaptive, they present antigens to T cells

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17
Q

What defense system do Natural Killer cells belong to and what is their function?

A

Innate, they attack and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells by injecting chemicals called perforins that open up channels, perforate microbial cell membranes and disintegrate the nucleus.

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18
Q

What defense system do B lymphocutes belong to and what is their function?

A

Adaptive, they differentiate to form antibody producing cells and memory cells. (WBC that produce antibodies)

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19
Q

What defense system do T lymphocytes belong to and what is their function?

A

Adaptive, they kill virus-infected cells or cancer cells; regulate activities of other white blood cells. (WBC that regulate the immune response or kill infected cells or cancerous cells)

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20
Q

What is an APC cell and what does it do?

A

An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigens complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces; this process is known as antigen presentation. T-cells may recognize these complexes using their T-cell receptors (TCRs). These cells process antigens and present them to T-cells.

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21
Q

What are Memory B cells?

A

They are the offspring of B cells that provide future immunity against invasion by the same antigen

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22
Q

What are Plasma cells?

A

They are the offspring of B cells that secrete antibodies into the bloodstream.

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23
Q

What are Cytotoxic T cells?

A

They are T cells that destroy infected body cells or cancerous cells.

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24
Q

What are Helper T cells?

A

They are T cells that stimulate immune responses by both B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

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25
Q

What are Memory T cells?

A

They are offspring of cytotoxic or helper T cells that provide future immunity against invasion by the same antigen.

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26
Q

What are Regulatory T cells?

A

They are T cells that suppress immune attack against the body’s own cells and molecules; important in preventing autoimmune diseases.

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27
Q

Give examples of First line of defense

A

Skin, mucus membranes: Mucus, Nasal hairs, Cilia (propels debris away from the respiratory tract), Gastric juice (hydrocholoric acid and proteases-low pH), Acidic mantle of the vagina (inhibits microorganisms and fungi growth), Tears and saliva (enzymes destroy bacteria), Urine (low pH cleanses urinary tract).

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28
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Nonspecific cellular (phagocytic cells that engulf and natural killer cells that destroy) and chemical defenses (antimicrobial proteins)

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29
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

They are proteins that destroy bacterial cell walls (They are part of the second line of defense)

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30
Q

What do complements do?

A

They are a complex of proteins that bind to and lyse bacterial cells (They are part of the second line of defense) (They cause invading microbial cells to lyse)

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31
Q

What do interferons do?

A

they are proteins that stimulate other components of the immune system (They are part of the second line of defense) (They protect body cells against viral infection)

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32
Q

The six steps to ingestion and destruction of a microbe by a phagocytic cell.

A
  1. Pseudopodia surround pathogens.
  2. Pathogens are engulfed by endocytosis.
  3. Vacuole forms, enclosing pathogens.
  4. Vacuole and lysosome fuse.
  5. Toxic compounds and lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogens.
  6. Debris from pathogens is released by exocytosis.
33
Q

What are interferons?

A

They are antimicrobial proteins produced by cells infected by a virus. They are ONLY found in vertebrates and are used to treat various viral infections. They are part of the innate defense system.

34
Q

What are the common side effects of interferons?

A

Fever, malaise, fatigue, muscle pains.

High levels of interferons can cause kidney, liver, bone marrow, and heart toxicity.

35
Q

What are complements?

A

They are antimicrobial plasma proteins, which creates a biochemical cascade that helps, or “complements”, the ability of antibodies to destroy pathogens
Made of about 30 proteins some punch holes in bacterial walls, promote inflammation, or encourage phagocytosis.

36
Q

What are the benefits of the inflammatory response?

A

Prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
Clears the area of cellular debris and pathogens
Encourages repair

37
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

38
Q

What are the steps of the inflammatory response?

A

1) Tissue damage carries bacteria into the wound
2) Wounded cells release chemicals that stimulate mast cells
3) Mast cells release histamine
4) Histamine increases capillary blood flow (leads to redness and heat) and permeability (swelling and pain) and aids in phagocyte mobilization (step 5)
5) Phagocytes leave the capillaries and ingest bacteria and dead cells

39
Q

What is pus?

A

It is a fluid rich in WBC, dead microbes and cell debris

40
Q

What is the difference betwee local and systematic inflammation?

A

Local inflammation occurs in a controlled area. Systematic inflammation affects the whole body–fever

41
Q

What chemical causes an increase in blood flow around an injury or infection during inflammation?

A

Histamine

42
Q

What is lymph, Lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic organs.

A

Lymph is a fluid comprised of interstitial fluid. This fluid is received from the lymphatic capillaries and is transferred to the lymphatic organs. The lymphatic organs clean the lymph which contains microbials

43
Q

What is an antigen?

A

An antigen is something that generates antibodies in response.

44
Q

What are the cells of acquired immune response?

A

Lymphocytes, containing B cells, T cells, and Antigen presenting cells

45
Q

Compare and contrast a T cell with a B cell.

A

Both have memory cells to aid in acquired immune response. T cells mature in the thymus and are involved in cell mediated immune response while B cells mature in the bone marrow and are involved in the humoral immune response. T cells are more active in destroying cells–cytotoxin T cells, and they also stimulate other responses–Helper T cells. B Plasma cells produce antibodies.

46
Q

What are the different types of T cells?

A

Memory, cytotoxic, and Helper.

47
Q

What is MHC proteins? What are the two main types? Where are they located?

A

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a series of genes, that code for cell surface proteins which control the adaptive immune response . MHC proteins present fragments of antigens to T cells.
The two main types (or classes) are
MHC Class I: Found on all cells. except RBC.
MHC Class II: Found on phagocytes.

48
Q

Explain the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to T cell receptor binding.

A

MHC Class I are located on All cells, present antigen on the cell surface which can be detected by Cytotoxic T Cells cells using the T CD8 receptor proteins.
MHC Class II are located on phagocyte APC (macrophage or dendritic) cells, present antigen on the cell surface which can be detected by T Cells (Cyto or helper) cells using the T CD4 receptor proteins.

49
Q

What is antigen presentation?

A

It is the process by which the MHC molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell surface

50
Q

What T Cells play a critical role in activation of both T cells and B cells, there by activating humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Know how it works.

A

Helper T Cells. They respond to nearly all antigens.

1) APC engulfs & degrades pathogen then displays antigen fragments and II MHC. Specialized TH cells binds to display via antigen receptor and CD4 causes APC to secrete cytokines
2) Proliferation of TH cell causes cytokines from APC and TH cell to causes TH cell to clone
3) Then TH cell secretes other cytokines activating B and cytotoxic T cells

51
Q

Explain the function of the two divisions of acquired immunity

A

Humoral (antibody-mediated) Immune Response secretes antibodies (produced by B lymphocyte cells) that mark invaders–recognized in bodily fluids
Cellular immune response attacks invaders and help activate B cells ( mediated by T lymphocytes)

Helper T help with both responses.

52
Q

What are the main cell involved in Cell Mediated immunity? How does it work?

A

Cytotoxic T cells. They make CD8, a surface protein that greatly enhances interaction between a target cell and a cytotoxic T cell, bind to a class I MHC complex on an infected cell activates a cytotoxic T cell and makes it an active killer. The activated cytotoxic T cell secretes proteins that destroy the infected target cell

53
Q

What are the main cell involved in Humoral immunity?

A

B Plasma cells

54
Q

Activated B cells divide in to ___________________ and __________________ cells.

A

Memory B Cells and Plasma Cells

55
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

It is the process by which a specific B and or T cell is alerted that its target is in the body allowing them to activate and produce more of themselves–with the same receptors.

56
Q

What is an antibody ? What is an immunoglobin?

A

An antibody (aka immunoglobulin Ig) is a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen that recognizes a group/cluster of amino acids. They cannot enter cells.

57
Q

What is the difference between plasma cells and memory cells produced from the activation of B cells?

A

Plasma cells are the B cells that fight the infection right now. The memory cells are the B cells that are prepared to fight the infection when it returns.

58
Q

What kind of proteins are produced by plasma cells to tag pathogens for destruction?

A

antigen-specific antibodies

59
Q

What kind of cells produce antibodies?

A

Plasma B cells (life span 3-7 months to 60yrs)

60
Q

How is an epitope related to an antigen and antibody?

A

An epitope is the small, accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor.

61
Q

What part of the B cell receptor / antibody is involved in antigen binding?

A

The Variable region of the B cell receptor is involved in antigen binding

62
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies? Know the structure and function.

A

IgG (monomer): most abundant circulating blood, found in tissue fluid and blood plasma, defends against bacteria, viruses, and toxins, transfers passively across placenta.
IgM (pentamer): 1st antibodies to appear after immunization/initial exposure, located in blood plasma
IgA (dimer): Much higher concentration of secretion in beast milk from mother to child, defends against bacteria and viruses
IgD (monomer): Located on the surface of most B Lymphocytes, plays role in clonal selection and B activation
IgE (monomer): Promotes inflammatory and allergic reactions, stimulate histamine production by mast cells.

63
Q

_____________antibodies are predominant in primary immune response, while _____________ antibodies are predominant in secondary immune response.

A

lgM antibodies in the first exposure (primary)

IgG antibodies in the second exposure (secondary)–faster b/c memory cells

64
Q

What are the 3 main roles of Antibodies in Immunity / How do antibodies dispose of antigens?

A

Neutralization-antigen can no longer affect host because its binding sites are attached to antibodies,
Opsonization–antibodies bind to antigens and enhance phagocytosis,
Activation of compliment system and pore formation: antibodies and proteins attack a cell membrane and causes the cell to lyse

65
Q

Using examples, explain the difference between active and passive immunity.

A

Active immunity is when the body cells learn from doing: natural by sickness, artificial by a vaccination
Passive immunity is when the body cells receive the information for dealing with antigens: natural from mother’s milk artificial from antibodies from other sources

66
Q

Know how immunizations develop active immunity.

A

A vaccine presents the body with a harmless strain or inactive version of a pathogen so that they can build immunity without the harmful effects of the disease

67
Q

What are allergies?

A

They are instances in which the body over reacts to a substance. aka Hypersensitivity (exaggerated) reactions

68
Q

What happens when the immune system doesn’t work the way it should?

A

The body can over react (allergies), react to itself (autoimmune disease), or under react (HIV)

69
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions - know the importance of IgE antibodies, mast cells histamine.

A

When the body over reacts. Plasma cells produce IgE to attack specific allergen. IgE bind to special receptors on Mast cells that make them ready to react. When allergen binds to mast cells the mast cell releases histamine causing the allergy symptoms

70
Q

What is Anaphylactic shock?

A

It is a life-threatening reaction to allergens that can occur within seconds of allergen exposure

71
Q

What are Autoimmune diseases?

A

They are when the immune system malfunctions and the body attacks itself. Examples: Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis.

72
Q

What is the role of Treg cells in Autoimmune diseases.

A

They are regulatory T cells and they that act to suppress immune response, thereby maintaining homeostasis and self-tolerance. Tregsare able to inhibit T cell proliferation and cytokine production and play a critical role in preventing autoimmunity.

73
Q

What is Antigenic Variation and latency – with example?

A

Antigenic Variation: is a mechanism for escaping the body’s defenses by altering how it appears to the immune system. - changes in epitope expression (ie flu and HIV)
Latency: is how some viruses remain in host cell in largely inactive state, undetected by immune system calledlatency.
These are some mechanisms by which pathogens avoid immune response.

74
Q

What are Mono clonal antibodies?

A

Mono clonal antibodies are laboratory-made enzyme-linked anti bodies that scientists use in ELISA to test for the presence and quantity of antibodies (indirect) or antigens (sandwich).

75
Q

What is ELISA test?

A

Know the full form and what it is used for.

76
Q

What does CD stand for?

A

Cluster of differentiation

77
Q

What does APC stand for?

A

Antigen Presenting Cell

78
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

ZBIO 106 (3 decks)

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