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Advanced Pathphysiology > Immune SG 22-31 > Flashcards

Immune SG 22-31 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Inflammation

A

The body’s response to injury and/or invasion by foreign agent. Vascular reaction whose net result is delivery of fluid, dissolved substances, and cells from circulating blood into interstitial injured tissues.

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2
Q

Purpose of Inflammation

A

Protect the body from further injury, prevent infection of injured tissue, & promote healing.

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3
Q

How does inflammation protect body from further injury, prevent infection of injured tissue, & promote healing?

A

Destroys and eliminates agents causing inflammation. Isolate or wall of area of injury. Demolition of injured tissue and/or necrotic tissue. Healing cannot occur w/o inflammation.

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4
Q

signs/hallmarks of inflammation

A

redness (rubor), Heat (calor), swelling (tumor or edema), pain (dolar), loss of function.

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5
Q

hallmarks of inflammation are a result of …

A

vasodilation and exudation (cells and plasma moving from bloodstream to tissues)

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6
Q

mast cells

A

MAST CELLS arecellular bags of granules located in the loose connective tissue close to blood vessels. Found in large numbers in skin and lining respiratory and GI tracts.

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7
Q

When mast cells are activated they….

A

MAST CELLS initiate inflammatory response by releasing histamine, chemotactic factors, & cytokines. And synthesize other mediators of inflammation including leukotrienes, prostaglandins, & platelet-activating factor.

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8
Q

Plasma Protein Systems

A

Complement system, clotting system, kinin system. They work together to provide a biochemical barrier against invading pathogens.

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9
Q

Complement system activation results in …

A

opsonization (making bacteria suseptible to phagocytosis), activation of anaphylatoxins, cell lysis, & leukocyte chotaxis (attration of phagocytes).

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10
Q

Kinin system

A

promotes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability and induces pain

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11
Q

clotting system

A

prevents spread of microorganisms, contains microorganisms & foreign bodies, provides a framework for repair and healing.

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12
Q

clinical manifestations of acute inflammation

A

immediate response (w/ in seconds), redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function.

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13
Q

clinical manifestations of chronic inflammation

A

2 weeks or longer. pus and incomplete wound healing. Granulomas may form.

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14
Q

What are physical conditions, drugs, and events that can interfere with inflammation and wound healing?

A

Prolonged bleeding, adhesions, continued infection, prolonged inflammation, diabetes, immunosuppressive drugs, anti-inflamatory steroids, hypoxemia, nutritional deficiencies, impaired collagen production, excessive collagen production, excessive wound contraction.

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15
Q

What are some events that initiate the inflammatory process?

A

Infection, mechanical damage, oxygen dperivation (ischemia), nutrient deprivation, genetic immune defects, chemical agents, temperature extremes, ionizing radiation.

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16
Q

What conditions cause alterations in an effective inflammatory response?

A

Pregnancy, infancy, aging, malignancy, stress, malnutrition, diabetes, alcoholism, sickle cell anemia, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive medications, trauma, post-surgery/anesthesia.

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17
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

an exaggerated or inappropriate response of the immune system, occures on second exposure to the antigen resulting in inflammation and the destruction of healthy tissue.

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18
Q

What are three triggers for hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Allergies, autoimmunity, and isoimmunity.

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19
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction vs. delayed

A

Immediate - occurs w/in minutes to hours of re-exposure (types I, II, & III)Delayed - several hours after re-esposure and most severe days after the re-esposure (type IV)

20
Q

Define anaphylaxis

A

ANAPHYLAXIS is the most severe and potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity responce. Mediated by histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.

21
Q

Clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis

A

sudden onset of rapidly progressive urticaria and respiratory distress.

22
Q

Morphine Sulfate (MS Contin)

A

30-60 min onset / 1.5-3 hour peak / 8-12 hr duration

23
Q

How do the immune system and the inflammatory response work together?

A

Inflammation and immunity work together to protect the body against tissue injury and/or substances considered non-self.

24
Q

Immune system - first line of defense

A

Physical, chemical and biomechanical barriers

25
Q

Immune system - second line of defense

A

Inflammatory response

26
Q

Immune system - third line of defense

A

Adaptive immune response

27
Q

How is the inflammatory response different from the immune system?

A

Inflammation is rapid, non-specific and short-lived.Adaptive Immunity is slower acting, specific towards an antigen and very long lived.

28
Q

Define non-self as it is used with the immune system.

A

Any microorganism capable of invading the body. Exogenous proteins. The body’s own unhealthy cells.

29
Q

Antigen specificity

A

An antigen is any substance that can induce an immune response. An antibody is very specific to it’s antigen.

30
Q

Epitope

A

Specific molecular shapes on antigens that correspond to specific receptors on T and B lymphocytes.

31
Q

Immune system memory

A

Memory cells are produced from both B and T cells, which are long lived and allow the body to mount a quick defense when an known antigen is detected again. When the antigen is detected, these cells become plasma (from B cells) or Memory (Effector) cells.

32
Q

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

A

Glycoproteins found on the surface of all human cells except erythrocytes. These proteins are cellular fingerprints unique to each individual.

33
Q

Cell Mediated Immunity

A

Within tissues - Cytotoxic T-cells which can destroy antigen bearing cells by attacking the antigen itself.

34
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Within bloodstream - B cells transform into plasma cells which secrete antibodies that bind to antigens.

35
Q

B cells

A

Humoral Immunity - Originate in bone marrow and mature into plasma cells that secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins). Antibodies destroy bacteria and viruses and keep them from entering healthy cells.

36
Q

The Complement System

A

A major mediator of the Inflammatory system and part of humoral immunity.

37
Q

T cells

A

Cellular Immunity - Regulate the immune response via production of cytokines and other anticellular proteins.

38
Q

Cytokines

A

Produced by T cells, B cells and monocytes. Soluble factors that act as messengers between cell types.

39
Q

Monocytes

A

Immune system cells that circulate in the bloodstream and become macrophages when they enter an organ or tissue.

40
Q

Macrophage

A

Ingest bacteria through phagocytosis, breaking down antigens. the antigens are then displayed on the surface of the macrophage to mark them for destruction by T cells.

41
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Not antigen specific, but will attack and kill any cell identified as non-self.

42
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

An antibody. A protein that reacts with a specific antigen.

43
Q

IgG

A

75%-80% of total. Antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial. The only immunoglobulin to cross the placenta, responsible for protection of newborn. Activates complement and binds to macrophages.

44
Q

IgM

A

10% of total. First immunoglobulin produced during an immune response. Anti-ABO blood antigens. Activates complement.

45
Q

IgA

A

15% of total. Predominant immunoglobulin in body secretions. Protects mucous membranes. Important to respiratory and GI tracts.

46
Q

IgD

A

0.02% of total. On B cell surface. An antigen receptor.

47
Q

IgE

A

0.0004% of total. Binds to mast cells and basophils. Involved in allergy and hypersensitivity reactions.

Advanced Pathphysiology (2 decks)

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