Immune Responses to Emerging Infections

Question 1

Primordial reservoir of influenza virus

Answer 1

aquatic fowl (duck, goose)

Question 2

Describe the structure of influenza virus

Answer 2

8 helices, segmented, negative ssRNA, Orthomyxoviridae

Question 3

What is the format for Influenza virus nomenclature?

Answer 3

origin/geographic location/strain #/year (H#N#)

Question 4

What are the two mechanisms for clearing influenza?

Answer 4

1. Cytotoxic T cells 2. Intracellular anti-influenza protein by alpha and beta interferons in macrophages

Question 5

Antigenic drift vs shift?

Answer 5

Drift: occurs over time; Shift: abrupt major change

Question 6

Organize groups A,B,C according to likelihood of causing an outbreak

Answer 6

A>B>C

Question 7

How many hours does it take to reach maximal levels of influenza virus?

Answer 7

48hrs

Question 8

How many days does it take to shed the influenza virus?

Answer 8

6-8 days

Question 9

What cells in the URT does influenza manifest in?

Answer 9

epithelial cells and mononuclear cells

Question 10

T or F. Give aspirin to reduce fever secondary to influenza infection.

Answer 10

False. Aspirin can cause Reynaud’s syndrome.

Question 11

How are vaccines for influenza inactivated?

Answer 11

formalin or beta propriolactone

Question 12

What is the strain of avian flu?

Answer 12

H5N1

Question 13

When do the interferons reach peak levels?

Answer 13

1 day after the virus reaches peak levels

Question 14

What is the main mucosal antibody for influenza virus?

Answer 14

IgA

Question 15

What happens to neutrophils during influenza infection?

Answer 15

Increase during days 1-2

Question 16

What happens to total cell count during influenza infection?

Answer 16

Increase during days 1-3

Question 17

What happens to lymphocytes during influenza infection?

Answer 17

Increase during days 1-2

Question 18

When do CD8+ T cells appear during influenza infections?

Answer 18

Day 6-14

Question 19

When do CD8+ T cells disappear during influenza infections?

Answer 19

Day 21

Question 20

The H1N1 pandemic of 2009 is a combination of what strains?

Answer 20

H3N2, H1N1, HIN2

Question 21

Differentiate DHF and dengue.

Answer 21

DHF has vascular permeability, hemostatic abnormalities and bleeding diasthesis

Question 22

What Ig is first to appear in dengue?

Answer 22

IgM

Question 23

When does IgG detected in dengue?

Answer 23

End of first week

Question 24

What differentiates Chikungunya vs dengue?

Answer 24

Arthralgia and arthritis

Question 25

What kind of virus is Chikungunya?

Answer 25

Arbovirus

Question 26

What are the vectors of Chikungunya and dengue?

Answer 26

Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus

Question 27

What are the ten viral proteins produced by cleavage of DENV

Answer 27

C protein, M protein, Major E glycoprotein, 7 NS proteins

Question 28

What is the antigen used for detecting dengue?

Answer 28

NS1

Question 29

What kind of virus is dengue?

Answer 29

Flavivirus