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CSI > Immune Response to Infection > Flashcards

Immune Response to Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key mediators of immunity?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes are key mediators of immunity

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2
Q

What is the role of phagocytes?

A

internalize pathogens and degrade them

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3
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Make antibodies - that are also effective against extracellular pathogens

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4
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

Coordinate the immune response by direct cell-cell interactions and the release of cytokines

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5
Q

What are the two essential features of the adaptive immune syste?

A

Specificity and memory

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6
Q

Which immune response is able to mount a more effective response on second and subsequent encounter with a particular antigen?

A

The adaptive immune response

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7
Q

Which immune response does not alter on repeated exposure to an infectious agent?

A

Innate immune response

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8
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules that are recognised by receptors on lymphocytes

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9
Q

How do B and T cells differ in their interactions with antigen molecules?

A

B cells usually recognise intact antigen molecules, whereas T cells generally recognise antigen fragments that are displayed on the surface of the bodys own cells - in MHC

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10
Q

what are the two phases of the immune response?

A

Antigen recognition & antigen eradication

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11
Q

Which T Helper cells release IFN-Gamma?

A

Th1

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12
Q

Which interleukins are released by Th2?

A

IL-4/IL-5/IL-13

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13
Q

Which interleukins are released by Th17?

A

IL-17/IL-22

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14
Q

What is the principal function of the immune system?

A

To distinguish self from non-self

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15
Q

How does an immune response end?

A
  1. Clears pathogen
  2. Stops inflammatory cytokine production
  3. Repair tissue damage
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16
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns - These are features shared by classes of microbes that are recognised by identical toll like receptors

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17
Q

What is a major pattern recognition molecule in E.Coli?

A

Lipopolysaccharide - LPS

18
Q

What are four types of anti-viral genes which Interferons stimulate the synthesis of?

A
  1. Nucleases
  2. Inhibitors of viral entry/exit
  3. Inhibitors of viral uncoating and replication
  4. Inhibitors of protein translation
19
Q

What are the three immunomodulatory roles of interferon?

A

Enhance T cell responses
Anti-inflammatory actions
Tissue Repair

20
Q

How does an NK cell recognise a virus-infected cell?

A

Through the down regulation of MHC on the surface

21
Q

Which of the three types of interferon promote antiviral responses?

A

Type I and III

22
Q

Which type of interferon promotes antibacterial immunity?

A

Type II

23
Q

Why are dendritic cells better at responding to viral infections than macrophages?

A

Dendritic cells can produce a lot of type 1 interferon during infection

24
Q

How do dendritic cells present antigens to T cells?

A

Through MHC molecules

25
Q

What happens when a naive t cell binds MHC with antigen from a dendritic cell?

A

This coupled with the release of cytokines causes the T cell to release more cytokines which act in an autocrine manner and help the T cel differentiate into specific T cells to fight that particular pathogen

26
Q

Which cytokines convert the naive T cell into one that fights fungi and extracellular bacteria?

A

Th17 - needs IL-17 and IL22

27
Q

Which cytokines convert the naive T cell into one that fights intracellular pathogens?

A

IFN-Gamma

28
Q

Which cytokines convert the naive T cell into one that fights helminths?

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13

29
Q

How do T cells help B cells produce Antibodies?

A
  1. APC’s are activated by infection and cytokines
  2. They present antigen to T cells - T cells activated by cognate MHC and foreign peptide recognition
  3. B cells become licensed for antibody production against the antigen being present on the BCR
  4. Antibodies are produced
30
Q

What are the two components of an antibody-mediated enhanced anti-microbial response?

A
  1. Phagocytosis (opsonisation)

2. Complement activation

31
Q

what are the four broad roles of T cells?

A
  1. Phagocyte activation
  2. Direct killing of infected cells
  3. B cells activation
  4. Innate lymphoid cells
32
Q

Which cytokines do eosinophils produce? And what T cell do these result in?

A

IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13

makes Th2

33
Q

What is the timing of the innate immune response?

A

0-12 hours post infection

34
Q

Which immune cells are present in the first 12 hours following infection?

A

Mast cells, Dendritic cells, NK Cells, Phagocytes, Epithelial barriers, complement

35
Q

What results in the production of B and T cells after a few days following infection?

A

Antgen presentation to T Lymphocytes

36
Q

How many weeks after exposure to antigen X does the peak of the primary anti-X response occur?

A

1 weeK

37
Q

Describe the secondary immune response in relation to the primary immune response?

A

It is much faster and greater in effect

38
Q

At what age does thymic declines?

A

halts at a low level at about 30

39
Q

What happens to the percentage of T cells in the blood that are Naive T cells as you age?

A

Decreases

40
Q

What happens to the percentage of T cells in the blood that are Memory T cells as you age?

A

INcreases

CSI (5 decks)

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