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CSI > 1 Freshers Flu > Flashcards

1 Freshers Flu Flashcards

1
Q

what are cold symptoms

A

come on gradually
- blocked/runny nose
- sore throat
- headaches
- muscle aches
- coughs
- sneezing
- raised temp

same symptoms in adults and children, sometimes last longer in kids

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2
Q

treatment for colds

A
  • rest and sleep
  • keep warm
  • drink water- prevent dehydration
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3
Q

what are flu symptoms

A

come on very quickly
- a sudden high temperature of 38C or above
- an aching body
- feeling tired or exhausted
- a dry cough
- a sore throat
- a headache
- difficulty sleeping
- loss of appetite
- diarrhoea or tummy pain

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4
Q

what is the incubation period for flu?

A

more likely to spread it in the first 5 days
can live on hands and surfaces for 24 hours

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5
Q

what can help diagnose cold vs flu?

A

patient history
further tests
imp for differential diagnosis

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6
Q

what is common in cold but not flu?

A

sneezing, runny/stuffed nose, sore throat, watery eyes, post-nasal drip

more nasal, throat illness as upper respiratory tract

https://occipital-sociology-d6d.notion.site/image/https%3A%2F%2Fs3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fsecure.notion-static.com%2Fd055b958-8f65-41fa-9b99-9efd3db383e7%2FScreenshot_2021-10-31_at_21.36.10.png?table=block&id=f22d615b-f7e9-4093-920f-726d0355f24b&spaceId=d6d0a69f-1810-4a9a-b42a-675e0b93173c&width=1350&userId=&cache=v2

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7
Q

what is common in flu but not cold

A

fever, fatigue, headaches

https://occipital-sociology-d6d.notion.site/image/https%3A%2F%2Fs3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fsecure.notion-static.com%2Fa8e52638-51e6-4702-a775-d59d8531f9a0%2FScreenshot_2021-10-31_at_22.13.00.png?table=block&id=9dcb6819-1575-428e-85aa-5676c15d7285&spaceId=d6d0a69f-1810-4a9a-b42a-675e0b93173c&width=1350&userId=&cache=v2

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8
Q

give causative agents of covid, cold, flu

A

covid= coronavirus

cold = rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza virus, adenovirus

flu = influenza virus

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9
Q

what receptors does coronavirus interact with?

A

ACE 2

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10
Q

what receptors does influenza virus interact with?

A

sialic acid

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11
Q

what receptors does rhinovirus interact with?

A

ICAM1

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12
Q

what are 2 things sticking out for influenza virus?

A

haemagglutinin: major glycoprotein, resp for binding of. virus to cell surface receptors and allows release of viral genome into cytoplasm thru membrane fusion

haemagglutinin helps sialic acid binds to glycoprotein
endocytosis (enters cell), protein synthesis occurs
viral particles produced also get stuck to sialic acid, need something to snip it away
then needs to release itself

neuraminidase: cleaves sialic acid from cell surface allowing virus release from infected cells

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13
Q

what can angiotensin II do?

A

vasoconstricter
damaging if it builds up
eg. acute lung injury, adverse myocardial remodelling, vascular permeability

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14
Q

what is ACE2?

A

the protein that breaks down angiotensin II

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15
Q

what happens after coronavirus binds to ACE2?

A

ACE2 is downregulated
poorer ability to clear angiotensin II from system –> build up

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16
Q

what is a risk factor?

A

any characteristic or exposure that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury

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17
Q

why does influenza tend to present more severe symptoms than the common cold?

A

infection tends to happen in lower respiratory tract as high distribution of sialic-acid containing cells. there
common cold usually in upper respiratory tract

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18
Q

describe the structure of rhinovirus

A

protein shell has 4 Dif types of protein chain, 60 copies of each type
binds to ICAM1 protein on host cell surface membrane

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19
Q

risk factors in freshers week

A

lack of sleep
alcohol
poor diet
close proximity/crowding
meeting new people

20
Q

risk factors in general population

A

age: >65. <5
co-morbidities
immune disorders
pregnancy
obesity: BMI >40

21
Q

explain how exercise influences risk of common cold

A

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moderate exercise inc cortisol, but not too high so immune health improved

when exercise is strenuous, cortisol levels = too high –> immunosuppression

22
Q

what is cortisol?

A

a hormone that in low levels improves immune health, but at higher levels acts as an immunosuppressive

23
Q

explain how stress influences risk of common cold

A

higher stress –> more cortisol released
so higher stress = weaker immune system = higher risk of infection

https://occipital-sociology-d6d.notion.site/image/https%3A%2F%2Fs3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fsecure.notion-static.com%2Fa921bc40-ac68-4c3e-899a-173133504873%2FScreenshot_2021-11-01_at_21.41.54.png?table=block&id=f6915dff-4ed3-4de7-aa18-73052fc10fb7&spaceId=d6d0a69f-1810-4a9a-b42a-675e0b93173c&width=670&userId=&cache=v2

24
Q
A

in sleep, WBCs move into lymphoid tissues, where they would encounter virus

less sleep –> WBCs not exposed to virus as much –> weaker immune response

less than 5 hours sleep, risk of infection w common cold inc more steeply

https://occipital-sociology-d6d.notion.site/image/https%3A%2F%2Fs3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fsecure.notion-static.com%2Fc715ef91-23e5-423c-9abb-adc9b1860023%2FScreenshot_2021-11-01_at_21.48.39.png?table=block&id=783a110e-3e6c-44c0-a5d1-d29e1aadd32c&spaceId=d6d0a69f-1810-4a9a-b42a-675e0b93173c&width=670&userId=&cache=v2

25
Q

what are the key ideas of zola’s triggers?

A

most ppl have symptoms frequently
the frequency and seriousness of symptoms aren’t good predictors of seeking medical attention
ppl decide to see/not see a dr based on personal belief and values

26
Q

what did Zola suggest may trigger health-seeking behaviour for a symptom?

A

interpersonal crisis
damaging social relationships
sanctioning by others
interference with vocational/physical activity
temporalizing (setting a deadline for symptoms to improve)

27
Q

what is Helmand folk modell>

A

questions a patient considers before seeing a doctor

  1. what happened? organise symptoms chronologically
  2. why did it happen? cause of condition
  3. why to me? behaviour, diet
  4. why now? sudden/slow
  5. what would happen if nothing was done?
  6. what should I do? self-medicate, see dr
28
Q

what causes the flu in humans?

A

influenza A and B

29
Q

what membrane glycoproteins do influenza A and B have?

A

haemagglutinin (HA) (a and b)
neuraminidasse (NA) (a and b)
Matrix-2 (M2) (a)

b has 2 others

30
Q

what variant agents are flu vaccines based on?

A

HA and NA

31
Q

what are current circulating influenza subtypes in humans?

A

H1N1
H3N2

32
Q

what is haemagglutinin?

A

membrane glycoprotein
acts as attachment factor and membrane fusion protein
binds to sialic acid on surface of target cells, allowing virus to enter cell

33
Q

where is sialic acid present?

A

erythrocyte, upper airway, lung endothelial cell membranes

34
Q

what happens if HA binds to sialic acid on erythrocytes?

A

haemagglutination: lattice of interconnected RBCs and virus particles

35
Q

what is neuraminidase?

A

membrane glycoprotein
glycoside hydrolase enzyme: cleaves the sialic acid side groups from side proteins so viruses can be released from cells and infect other cells

36
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms for change in genetic material in viruses?

A

antigenic drift and antigen shift

37
Q

what is antigenic drift?

A

natural mutation over time, small genetic changes happen continuously, to all viruses

occurs in all influenza subtypes
may lead to loss of immunity or vaccine mismatch, hence yearly vaccines

38
Q

what is antigen shift?

A

requires genetic reassortment and a phenotypic change which requires a new antigenic response
specific to influenza A

abrupt, major change in genetic material
new virus subtype so different that most humans don’t have immunity to it

risk of pandemic

39
Q

what viruses can human cells be infected with?

A

those that display certain haemagglutinin molecules
H1, H2 H3

40
Q

what can pigs be infected by?

A

both human and avian strains of influenza A
act as reservoir for genetic reassortment of influenza A HA/NA genetic material as influenza viruses capable of infecting humans can reassert with new genetic material from the avian influenza pool

41
Q

what can coronavirus cause?

A

common cold

42
Q

how do viruses enter cells?

A

bind to membrane proteins

43
Q

how does NA allow viruses to enter cell?

A

removes decoy receptors

44
Q

how is a virus released from a cell?

A

virion is tethered too sialic acid receptor
NA cleaves sialic acid

45
Q

what is the only virus that undergoes antigenic shift?

A

influenza A

CSI (5 decks)

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