Immune Response Flashcards
Define:
Primary Defence
A defence to stop pathogens entering the body
List:
The Primary Defences
- Skin
- Blood clots
- Mucous membranes
- Stomach acid
- Expulsive reflex
- Inflammation
How does the skin form an effective primary defence?
- Keratinocytes - skin cells form a barrier
- Sebum - sebaceous gland
Describe:
Blood Clotting
- Cut in skin - platelets in contact with collagen
- platelets release clotting factors - thromboplastin
- thromboplastin causes prothrombin to become thrombin
- Thrombin causes fibrinogen to become fibrin
- Fibrin forms a mesh to trap red blood cells and platelets
- This forms a scab
Name:
Clotting Factor
Thromboplastin
Name:
Inactive Proteins
Prothrombin + Fibrinogen
What is blood clotting an example of?
- Enzyme cascade
- Primary immune response
How is blood supply to a cut reduced?
Seratonin is released - smooth muscle contracts around the arterioles
How do mucous membranes form an effective primary defence?
- Produce mucus to trap pathogens
- cilliated cells waft mucus to move it
List:
Expulsive Reflexes
- Coughing
- Sneezing
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
Name:
Cells that release histamine
Mast cells
List:
Defences of histamine
- localised increase in temperature - kill pathogen
- Vasodilation - More blood - More tissue fluid
- Swelling
Define:
Specific defence
- Delayed response compared to primary defence
- Specific to the pathogen
What are the two types of specific defense?
- Cell mediated
- Humoral
State:
The role of opsonin
- Chemical markers
- Bind to pathogens to increase rate of phagocytosis
Name:
The different types of T lymphocyte
- T killer
- T regulator
- T memory
- T helper
Name:
The different types of B lymphocyte
- Plasma
- B memory
How do autoimmune diseases occur?
- Faulty T Regulator cells
- Body does not recognise cells as self
State:
The role of a T Killer cell
- Destroy infected body cells
- Triggered by interferions
State:
The role of a T Helper cell
- Release Cytokines
- Interleukins activate B cells
Describe:
The structure of antibodies
- Variable region - Complimentary + specific to antigen on specific pathogens
- Constant region - same in all antibodies - complimentary and specific to neutrophil
- Strong disulfide bridges - contail cystine
- hinge region for flexibility
- Multiple variable regions - bind to multiple antigens
How does the variable region help the antibody with its function?
- It is complimentary and specific to pathogens
- it can bind to the antigen to block it from binding to a cell
- prevents further infection and reproduction of the pathogen
