Immune/Hypersensitivity- Mini exam 3 (09/08) Flashcards
Describe the normal immune response
the immune system is designed to defend the body against foreign or dangerous invaders. Any substances that are identified as non-self, particularly if they are perceived as dangerous
List the components of the immune system, and the purpose of each
- the lymphoid structures
- the immune cells
- tissues
The lymphoid structures
this includes the lymph nodes, the spleen, the tonsils, the intestinal circulation. These form the basic structure within the immune response can function
the immune cells
or lymphocytes or macrophages provide the specific mechanism for identification and removal of any foreign material
tissues
involving the immune production are in the bine marrow and the thymus. All immune cells originate in the bone marrow and go through maturation in both the bone marrow and the thymus. The thymus plays a big role during the fetal development. It programs the immune system to ignore self-antigens. When its process is faulty the body may attach its own tissues as non self causing an autoimmune disorder
natural active immunity
pathogens enter the body and cause illness, antibodies form in host which a memory is created
example of natural active immunity
chickenpox
artificial active immunity
vaccine (live or attenuated organisms) is injected into person. No illness results, but antibodies form which a memory is created
artificial active immunity example
person has measles vaccine and gains immunity
natural passive immunity
antibodies passed directly from mother to child to provide temporary protection (90-120 days). No memory is created
natural passive immunity example
placental passage during pregnancy or infestation of breast milk
artificial passive immunity
antibodies injected into person (antiserum) to provide temporary protection or minimize severity of infection, creates no memory
artificial passive immunity example
gammglobulin if recent exposure to microbe
clinical signs of type 1 hypersensitivity
the signs and symptoms occur on the second exposure because the first exposure to the allergen causes the only formation of antibodies and sensitized mast cells
Hay fever/ allergic rhinitis
an allergic reaction in the nasal mucosa causes frequent sneezing, copious amount of water secretions from the nose, and itching. Because the nasal mucosa is continuous with the mucosa of the sinus, the conductive of the eyelid, the eyes are frequently red, watery and pruritic as well. Hay fever is usually seasonal because it related to plant pollen in the air. Some people are susceptible to multiple allergens such as mold or dust and can have them all year
food allergies
can be manifested in several ways when an inflammatory reaction occurs in the mucosa of the digestive tract resulting in nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Some cases food allergies may cause a skin rash called hives. Severe cases the hives develop in the Pharyngeal mucosa and may obstruct airflow
Atopic dermatitis/eczema
chronic skin condition often with a genetic component. Common in babies and young children. May occur on the face, trunk, or extremities. Associated with ingested foods, irritating fabric, or dry atmosphere. Could go into remission but recur in adulthood
Asthma
a lung disorder, asthma may result from an allergic response in the bronchial mucosa that interferes with airflow
Serum sickness
refers to the systemic reaction that occurs when immune complex deposits occur in many tissues (not common anymore)
Arthus
a localized inflammatory and tissue necrosis that results in the blood vessel walls causing vasculitis
skin effects of anaphylaxis
pruritus, tingling, warmth, hives, histamine and chemical mediators irritate sensory nerves
respiration effects of anaphylaxis
difficulty breathing, cough, wheezing, hight feeling, chemical mediators cause contraction of smooth muscle in bronchioles, edema, and increased secretions, leading to narrow airways and lack of oxygen
cardiovascular effects of anaphylaxis
decreased BP, chemical mediators cause general vasodilation, with rapid, weak pulse, perhaps irregular leading to low BP, sympathetic nervous system responds to increasing rate
Central nervous system effects of anaphylaxis
anxiety and fear (early), weakness, dizziness, and loss of consciousness. Early sympathetic response, later, lack of oxygen to the brain because of low blood pressure and respiratory obstruction
mechanisms of autoimmune disorder
autoimmune disorders occur when the individual develops antibodies to their own cells or cellular material and T antibodies attach to individual tissues
primary deficiencies
involves a basic developmental failure somewhere in the system (ex in the bone marrow production of stem cells), the thymus, of the synthesis of antibodies. Many defects results from a genetic or congenital abnormality and are first noticed in children which may cause associated problems that affect other organ systems
example of primary deficiency
X-Linked hypogammaglobulin (low antibody levels because of B cells defect) or developmental disorders Digeorge syndrome (hypoplasia of the thymus)
secondary deficiency
acquired immunodeficiency - refers to the loss of the immune response, loss of immunity could result from infection, particular viral infection, splenectomy, malnutrition, or liver disease
examples of secondary deficiency
- the use of immunosuppressive drugs with cancer is a result of malnutrition and blood loss as well as the effect of treatment
- stress and too high gf an emotional state is also known to cause temporary immunodeficiency
effects of secondary deficiency
immuno deficiency predisposes pts to the development of opportunistic infections by normally harmless microorganisms. The infections are difficult to treat, they are often a rise from flora in the body
B cell
humoral
T cell
cell mediated
HIV
HIV destroys helper T cells, causing the loss of the immune response and increased susceptibility to secondary infection and cancer
Which mode of transmission is used for HIV
direct contact
Describe the stages in the development and course of infection
acute infection and chronic infection
acute infection
infectious disease fully develops clinical manifestation s, reach peak, length depends on virulence
chronic infection
infection is not all eradicated. Organisms continue to reproduce in the body. Milder than acute infection, but acute episodes may reoccur
local signs of infection
usually those of inflammation, pain or tenderness, swelling, redness, and warmth.
systemic signs of infection
include signs and symptoms common to significant infections. Fever, fatigue, and weakness, headache, and nauseas
Blood tests
variations in numbers of leukocytes, differential count, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
culture and staining
using specific clinical specimens, drug sensitivity tests
immunologic testing
testing body fluids for antigen identification and antibody tiler
