Immune evasion and subversion pt 1

Question 1

Coevolutionary Arms race of parasite and immune system

Answer 1

Immune system under constant assault rom parasites and pathogens so it changing and as it changes the parasite face constant pressure from host immune system which leads to each one evolving and evolving

Question 2

Red Queen Effect

Answer 2

Have to keep evolving/moving to just stay where you are
-don’t want to fall behind

Question 3

Can either stop eveolving

Answer 3

No, due to if one stops evolving the other will take other completely

Question 4

How do parasites stay ahead

Answer 4

Neutralizing immune responses
Evading detection

Question 5

How does the complement affect parasites

Answer 5

Each piece that is added on the the complement is a potential target that could take the parasite out

Question 6

How do parasites avoid the complement

Answer 6

By inhibiting the complement activation

Question 7

Leishmanina avoding complement

Answer 7

Undergoes a change in membrane structure in the transition from promastigote to metacyclic, protecting them from lysis

Question 8

Histolytica avoding complement

Answer 8

Surface receptors bind components of the membrane attack complex, this does not allow penetration to happen

Question 9

mansoni avoid complement

Answer 9

produces proteins that interfere with complement activation

Question 10

T. gondii counteracting phagocytosis

Answer 10

tachyzoites can remodel the membrane of the vacuole that prevents fusion with lysosomes
-prevents MHC II antigen to be presented

Question 11

T. cruzi counteracting phagocytosis

Answer 11

secretes a protein that forms a pore in the vacuole prior to fusion with lysozymes
-This down regulated MHC II expression hinder immune recognition

Question 12

Leishmania counteracting phagocytosis

Answer 12

Protected by glycolipids and glycoproteins in their plasma membrane

Question 13

Helminths evade reactive oxygen

Answer 13

release abundant antioxidants to neutralize RO before the cause damage

Question 14

Plasmodium falciparum evade reative oxygen

Answer 14

It produces a waste product called hemozoin that inhibits PKC to be activated so reactive oxygen to even be created

Question 15

How are antibodies neutralized

Answer 15

Nonspecific activation of B cells, cause flooding of B cells that makes it less likely for the correct b cell to react with the parasite
-Digest antibodies
-Antibody capping to remove bound antibodies