Immune evasion

Question 1

What is an infectious agent’s goal

Answer 1

acquire what they need from the host, and survive long enough to reproduce and be transmitted

Question 2

Cattle use this kind of Ig diverstiy

Answer 2

Gene conversion

Question 3

Humans use what type of Ig diversity

Answer 3

Somatic recombination

Question 4

Where does phase variation occur

Answer 4

bacteria

Question 5

Why should you use invariant antigens when testing

Answer 5

Improve sensitivity and predictive value of a test

Question 6

What are the two boundries an infectious agent balance between

Answer 6

lethality and transmission

Question 7

Is variability genetically encoded

Answer 7

Not always

Question 8

Where is antigenic variation found

Answer 8

only in bacterial and protozoal pathogens

Question 9

What is antigenic drift

Answer 9

Slow accumulation of mutations that eventually result in protein isoform that is no longer recognized in pre-existing immune response

Question 10

Sheep use what kind of Ig diversity

Answer 10

somatic hypermutation

Question 11

what does an MHC class 1 molecule contain

Answer 11

2 separate polypeptides

Question 12

What is antigenic variation

Answer 12

mechanism that specifically targets multigene family for variation at 2-3x faster than random mutation (BABESIAAA)

Question 13

How do you determine total potential diversity of an immune system

Answer 13

product of the number of alleles for each part multiplied together

Question 14

What is cytoadhesion

Answer 14

parasites (BABESIAAAA) and bacteria adhere to host cells, grow and develop without circulating through the spleen

Question 15

What is an epitope

Answer 15

Chemical structure capable of eliciting an immune response and being specifically recognized by molecules of immune recognition

Question 16

What immune tactic does BABESIA bovis

Answer 16

cytoadhesion

Question 17

What immune regulatory cells are very specific

Answer 17

Immunoglobulins and T-cells

Question 18

What does an MHC class 2 molecule contain

Answer 18

2 full sized transmembrane polypeptides

Question 19

What are combinatorial genetics

Answer 19

multiple parts of immunity are assembled in any different combinations to make a whole

Question 20

What is molecular mimicry

Answer 20

the production by an infectious agent of a component that resembles and behaves similarly to normal host componenet

Question 21

What is Dr. Alred’s favorite thing on earth

Answer 21

babesia

Question 22

What is antigenic shift

Answer 22

sudden change in phenotype brought about by mixing genomes from two microbes of different genotypes

Question 23

What is the immune evasion tactic, viral latency

Answer 23

Virus inserts itself into host genome, virus becomes active or latent, virus can emerge from latency (herpies)

Question 24

What is a confirmational epitope

Answer 24

contiguous structures made of discontinuous structural elements

Question 25

What immune regulatory cells are very promiscuous

Answer 25

MHC class 1 and 2

Question 26

What does phase variation result in

Answer 26

on/off regulation of transcription of individual genes

Question 27

What does somatic hypermutation do

Answer 27

diversifies the specificity and enhances the affinity of antibodies produced

Question 28

What is antigen masking

Answer 28

microbes bind host components to mask their own surface.

Question 29

What is a linear epitope

Answer 29

continuous contiguous chemical structure usually part of a larger molecule

Question 30

What is a major example of antigenic shift

Answer 30

Influenza virus