Immune Dysfunction pt1 Flashcards
What aspect of the immune system requires no prior exposure to pathogens?
Innate Immunity (natural immunity)
What aspect of our immune system is rapid, non-specific, and does not provide long-lasting protection?
Innate Immunity (has no memory)
What are the non-cellular components of innate immunity? (3)
- Epithelial and mucous membranes
- Complement system proteins
- Acute phase proteins
What are the cellular components of the innate immunity system? (4)
- Neutrophils
- Macrophages
- Monocytes
- NK cells (natural killer)
What cell (of the innate immunity response) responds the fastest to infection?
Neutrophils
What cell (of the innate immunity response) provides a slower but more prolonged response to infection?
Macrophages
What is the Complement System?
Over 30 plasma and cell surface proteins that complements (enhance) both innate and adaptive immunologic systems.
What does the Complement system do to enhance the adaptive and innate immunologic systems? (2)
- Augments phagocytes and antibodies
- Marks pathogens for permanent destruction
Where are the proteins for the Complement system produced?
Liver
What activates the complement system?
Infection of course.
C1 and C3 (Complement proteins 1 & 3).
What is the most numerous WBC?
Neutrophils
What are the characteristics and actions of neutrophils? (5)
- Migrate rapidly to bacterial infections
- Release cytokines to phagocytize
- ½ life of 6 hours
- Sensitive to acidic infection environments
- Become purulent exudate
What type of immune cell is the largest blood cell and circulates to specific tissue areas to differentiate into macrophages?
Monocytes
What are the names of monocytes that have circulated to following areas:
- Epidermis
- Liver
- Lungs
- CNS
- Epidermis → Langerhans
- Liver → Kupffer
- Lung → Alveolar cells
- CNS → Microglia
What are the pertinent characteristics of monocytes/macrophages? (3)
- Mobilize after neutrophils
- Phagocytic destruction via NO & cytokines
- Persist at site in chronic infections
What is the least common blood granulocyte?
Basophils
What cells reside in connective tissue close to blood vessels?
Mast Cells
What are the characteristics/actions of basophils/mast cells? (3)
- Express high affinity for IgE
- Initiate hypersensitivity (produce histamine, leukotrienes, PG’s, and cytokines)
- Stimulate smooth muscle contraction
What cells play a major role in allergies, asthma, and eczema?
Basophils and Mast cells
What cell type is classified by the following characteristics:
- Heavily concentrated in GI mucosa
- Protects against parasites
- Degrade mast cell inflammation
Eosinophils
What characteristics does Adaptive Immunity possess? (3)
- Present only in Vertebrates (animal with spine)
- Delayed onset of action
- Capable of memory and specific antigen response
What type of cells do adaptive immunity cells originate from?
Hematopoietic stem cell
What is the humoral component of the Adaptive Immunity system?
What does this component do?
B cells → produce antibodies
What are the cellular components of the adaptive immunity system?
Helper T-cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
Where do T-cells originate? Where do they mature?
T-cells originate in the bone marrow and mature in the Thymus.
What are the actions of T-cells? (3)
- Produce interferon and interleukins
- Activate IgE
- Role in chronic inflammation
What is the primary example of passive immunity?
Maternal IgA antibodies from breast milk
____ immunity is when a pathogen is deliberately administered and repeat exposure yields a quicker response.
Active Immunity is when a pathogen is deliberately administered and repeat exposure yields a quicker response.
_____ immunity is when antibodies are received from another individual, with protection lasting weeks to months.
Passive immunity is when antibodies are received from another individual, with protection lasting weeks to months.
What is the primary example of active immunity?
Vaccines
Is neutropenia an example of excessive or inadequate immune response?
Inadequate
What is required for hypersensitivity development?
Prior sensitization (grass, latex, nuts, etc)
What is hypersensitivity?
Foreign antigen reaction caused by altered T-cell and antibody response
What is the most common source of hypersensitivity?
Drugs (NMDs, ABX, PPIs, etc.)
rocuronium
What are examples of a Type I allergic response (aka immediate hypersensitivity)? (5)
- Anaphylaxis
- Asthma
- Angioedema
- Conjuctivitis
- Dermatitis
What occurs during a Type I Allergic Response?
- 1st exposure: T-Cells stimulate B cells to produce IgE antibodies
- 2ⁿᵈ exposure: Released Ca⁺⁺ → histamine, inflammatory mediators, heparin.
(Histamine triggers: bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability, vasodilation)
What are common types of drugs used to prevent the histamine effects of Type I allergic responses? (4)
- Antihistamines
- Cromolyn Na⁺
- Bronchodilators
- COX Inhibitors
What is another name for Type II Allergic Responses?
What mediates these types of responses?
- Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
- Mediated by IgG, IgM, and Complement system → B-cells → antibodies.
What are examples of Type II Allergic Responses? (3)
- Hemolytic Anemia
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Transfusion Reactions
What is the treatment for Type II Allergic Responses? (2)
- Anti-inflammatories
- Immunosuppressants
What is another name for Type III Allergic Response?
Immune Complex Hypersensitivity
What occurs with Type III Allergic Response?
Failure of immune system to eliminate antibody-antigen complex.
Where are the antibody-antigen complexes deposited in immune complex hypersensitivity? (4)
Joints
kidneys
skin
eyes
What antibodies mediate Type III Allergic Responses? (2)
IgG and IgM
What are examples of Type III Allergic Responses? (2)
SLE
Rheumatoid arthritis
What are examples of Type IV Allergic Responses? (3)
- Contact Dermatitis
- Tuberculosis
- Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
What is a Type IV Allergic Response?
T-lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage mediated response that does not involve antibodies.
What are the most common symptoms with Type IV Allergic Responses?
Cutaneous symptoms
