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1Fall24 PoA II > Immune Dysfunction pt1 > Flashcards

Immune Dysfunction pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

What aspect of the immune system requires no prior exposure to pathogens?

A

Innate Immunity (natural immunity)

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2
Q

What aspect of our immune system is rapid, non-specific, and does not provide long-lasting protection?

A

Innate Immunity (has no memory)

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3
Q

What are the non-cellular components of innate immunity? (3)

A
  • Epithelial and mucous membranes
  • Complement system proteins
  • Acute phase proteins
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4
Q

What are the cellular components of the innate immunity system? (4)

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Monocytes
  • NK cells (natural killer)
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5
Q

What cell (of the innate immunity response) responds the fastest to infection?

A

Neutrophils

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6
Q

What cell (of the innate immunity response) provides a slower but more prolonged response to infection?

A

Macrophages

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7
Q

What is the Complement System?

A

Over 30 plasma and cell surface proteins that complements (enhance) both innate and adaptive immunologic systems.

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8
Q

What does the Complement system do to enhance the adaptive and innate immunologic systems? (2)

A
  • Augments phagocytes and antibodies
  • Marks pathogens for permanent destruction
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9
Q

Where are the proteins for the Complement system produced?

A

Liver

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10
Q

What activates the complement system?

A

Infection of course.

C1 and C3 (Complement proteins 1 & 3).

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11
Q

What is the most numerous WBC?

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

What are the characteristics and actions of neutrophils? (5)

A
  • Migrate rapidly to bacterial infections
  • Release cytokines to phagocytize
  • ½ life of 6 hours
  • Sensitive to acidic infection environments
  • Become purulent exudate
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13
Q

What type of immune cell is the largest blood cell and circulates to specific tissue areas to differentiate into macrophages?

A

Monocytes

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14
Q

What are the names of monocytes that have circulated to following areas:

  • Epidermis
  • Liver
  • Lungs
  • CNS
A
  • Epidermis → Langerhans
  • Liver → Kupffer
  • Lung → Alveolar cells
  • CNS → Microglia
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15
Q

What are the pertinent characteristics of monocytes/macrophages? (3)

A
  • Mobilize after neutrophils
  • Phagocytic destruction via NO & cytokines
  • Persist at site in chronic infections
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16
Q

What is the least common blood granulocyte?

A

Basophils

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17
Q

What cells reside in connective tissue close to blood vessels?

A

Mast Cells

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18
Q

What are the characteristics/actions of basophils/mast cells? (3)

A
  • Express high affinity for IgE
  • Initiate hypersensitivity (produce histamine, leukotrienes, PG’s, and cytokines)
  • Stimulate smooth muscle contraction
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19
Q

What cells play a major role in allergies, asthma, and eczema?

A

Basophils and Mast cells

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20
Q

What cell type is classified by the following characteristics:

  • Heavily concentrated in GI mucosa
  • Protects against parasites
  • Degrade mast cell inflammation
A

Eosinophils

21
Q

What characteristics does Adaptive Immunity possess? (3)

A
  • Present only in Vertebrates (animal with spine)
  • Delayed onset of action
  • Capable of memory and specific antigen response
22
Q

What type of cells do adaptive immunity cells originate from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

23
Q

What is the humoral component of the Adaptive Immunity system?
What does this component do?

A

B cells → produce antibodies

24
Q

What are the cellular components of the adaptive immunity system?

A

Helper T-cells
Cytotoxic T-cells

25
Q

Where do T-cells originate? Where do they mature?

A

T-cells originate in the bone marrow and mature in the Thymus.

26
Q

What are the actions of T-cells? (3)

A
  • Produce interferon and interleukins
  • Activate IgE
  • Role in chronic inflammation
27
Q

What is the primary example of passive immunity?

A

Maternal IgA antibodies from breast milk

28
Q

____ immunity is when a pathogen is deliberately administered and repeat exposure yields a quicker response.

A

Active Immunity is when a pathogen is deliberately administered and repeat exposure yields a quicker response.

29
Q

_____ immunity is when antibodies are received from another individual, with protection lasting weeks to months.

A

Passive immunity is when antibodies are received from another individual, with protection lasting weeks to months.

30
Q

What is the primary example of active immunity?

A

Vaccines

31
Q

Is neutropenia an example of excessive or inadequate immune response?

A

Inadequate

32
Q

What is required for hypersensitivity development?

A

Prior sensitization (grass, latex, nuts, etc)

33
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Foreign antigen reaction caused by altered T-cell and antibody response

34
Q

What is the most common source of hypersensitivity?

A

Drugs (NMDs, ABX, PPIs, etc.)

rocuronium

35
Q

What are examples of a Type I allergic response (aka immediate hypersensitivity)? (5)

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Asthma
  • Angioedema
  • Conjuctivitis
  • Dermatitis
36
Q

What occurs during a Type I Allergic Response?

A
  • 1st exposure: T-Cells stimulate B cells to produce IgE antibodies
  • 2ⁿᵈ exposure: Released Ca⁺⁺ → histamine, inflammatory mediators, heparin.

(Histamine triggers: bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability, vasodilation)

37
Q

What are common types of drugs used to prevent the histamine effects of Type I allergic responses? (4)

A
  • Antihistamines
  • Cromolyn Na⁺
  • Bronchodilators
  • COX Inhibitors
38
Q

What is another name for Type II Allergic Responses?
What mediates these types of responses?

A
  • Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
  • Mediated by IgG, IgM, and Complement system → B-cells → antibodies.
39
Q

What are examples of Type II Allergic Responses? (3)

A
  • Hemolytic Anemia
  • Myasthenia Gravis
  • Transfusion Reactions
40
Q

What is the treatment for Type II Allergic Responses? (2)

A
  • Anti-inflammatories
  • Immunosuppressants
41
Q

What is another name for Type III Allergic Response?

A

Immune Complex Hypersensitivity

42
Q

What occurs with Type III Allergic Response?

A

Failure of immune system to eliminate antibody-antigen complex.

43
Q

Where are the antibody-antigen complexes deposited in immune complex hypersensitivity? (4)

A

Joints
kidneys
skin
eyes

44
Q

What antibodies mediate Type III Allergic Responses? (2)

A

IgG and IgM

45
Q

What are examples of Type III Allergic Responses? (2)

A

SLE
Rheumatoid arthritis

46
Q

What are examples of Type IV Allergic Responses? (3)

A
  • Contact Dermatitis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
47
Q

What is a Type IV Allergic Response?

A

T-lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage mediated response that does not involve antibodies.

48
Q

What are the most common symptoms with Type IV Allergic Responses?

A

Cutaneous symptoms

1Fall24 PoA II (34 decks)

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