Immune-4

Question 1

what are 2 main drug classes

Answer 1

biologics and small molecules

Question 2

what is the size of small molecules

Answer 2

less than 900Da (low MW)

Question 3

what is the structure of small molecules

Answer 3

well defined

Question 4

what is the target of small molecules

Answer 4

well known receptors or enzymes

Question 5

what are biologics

Answer 5

pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semi synthesized from biological sources

Question 6

what are some examples sources of biologics

Answer 6

blood, blood products, cells, tissues, organs, xenographs, gene therapies, vaccines, biotechnology

Question 7

what are xenographs

Answer 7

transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another

Question 8

what are 3 examples of targeted therapeutic proteins (recognize the target specifically)

Answer 8

• antibodies
• antibody fusion proteins
• antibodies conjugates

Question 9

what are therapeutic antibodies based on

Answer 9

normal functions of immunoglobulins

Question 10

what are 3 normal functions of immunoglobulins

Answer 10

• circulate in blood and lymphatic system
• bind to antigens expressed on cells
• cells bound to antibodies are marked for destruction by macrophages and complement

Question 11

what are 2 examples of using antibodies therapeutically

Answer 11

bind to human antigens (cancer)

neutralize growth factors

Question 12

which is the fab domain

Answer 12

antigen binding fragment, complementariyy determining regions, define antigen specificity

Question 13

which is the fc domain

Answer 13

has binding domains for comlement fixation and binding to cellular Fc receptors

Question 14

what is in the light chain

Answer 14

1 variable region and 1 constant region

Question 15

what is in the heavy chain

Answer 15

1 variable region and 3 constant regions

Question 16

what is the difference between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies

Answer 16

poly makes it have the affinity for the same antigen but different epitopes, monoclonal is just one epitope

Question 17

what is an epitope

Answer 17

Epitope = the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself

Question 18

does one antigen have many or one epitope

Answer 18

many

Question 19

what are the 4 types of monoclonal antibodies and the %

Answer 19

murine(0%), chimeric(65%), humanized(>90%), fully human(100%)

Question 20

which monoclonal antibody has the highest potential for immunogenecity

Answer 20

murine

Question 21

which monoclonal antibody has the lowest potential for immunogenecity

Answer 21

fully human

Question 22

which monoclonal antibody is omab

Answer 22

murine

Question 23

which monoclonal antibody is ximab

Answer 23

chimeric

Question 24

which monoclonal antibody is zumab

Answer 24

humanized

Question 25

which monoclonal antibody is umab

Answer 25

fully human

Question 26

what do you call chimeric antibody

Answer 26

ximab

Question 27

what do you call humanized antibody

Answer 27

zumab

Question 28

what do you call fully human antibody

Answer 28

umab

Question 29

what do you call murine antibody

Answer 29

omab

Question 30

what do chimeric monoclonal antibody contain

Answer 30

antigen binding variable regions from immunized animals grafted onto human constant regions

Question 31

what % of each animal in chimeric

Answer 31

33% mouse and 67% human

Question 32

what kind of antibodies do chimeric monoclonal antibody make (but not much of)

Answer 32

human anti mouse antibodies (HAMA)

Question 33

how fast are chimeric monoclonal antibody cleared from the body

Answer 33

more slowly

Question 34

what kinda mechanisms do chimeric monoclonal antibody tend do engage

Answer 34

indirect (idk)

Question 35

what do humanized monoclonal antibody contain

Answer 35

only rodent complementary determining region of the original antibody grafted onto a human antibody framework

Question 36

what is the half life of humanized monoclonal antibody

Answer 36

long

Question 37

do humanized monoclonal antibody have HAMA

Answer 37

minimal

Question 38

do humanized monoclonal antibody maintain antigen recognition qualities

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

do humanized monoclonal antibody or chimeric have more HAMA

Answer 39

chimeric

Question 40

what is the structure of fully human monoclonal antibodies

Answer 40

100% human

Question 41

do fully human monoclonal antibodies activate the immune system

Answer 41

no

Question 42

what are 4 direct actions of mAB based therapy

Answer 42

- ligand blockage - receptor blockage - receptor downregulation - signalling induction

Question 43

what are 3 mechanisms of indirect cell death/ cell depletion of mAB based therapy

Answer 43

- antibody dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC) - complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) - complement dependent cellular cytotoxicity (CDCC)

Question 44

what does indirect mAB based therapy cause

Answer 44

depletion, cell death

Question 45

what mediates the indirect mAB based therapy mechanisms

Answer 45

the immune system

Question 46

which is the indirect mechanism that most mAB engage in

Answer 46

antibody dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC)

Question 47

are mAbs able to activate the classical complement pathway and why

Answer 47

no because they are unlikely to reach surface density

Question 48

what happens in antibody dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC)

Answer 48

-antibodies against surface proteins, binds to target, Fc receptors bring on natural killer cells and macrophages to kill the target cell

Question 49

what happens in complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)

Answer 49

Antigen recognized by antibody, antibody on surface of target cell, the antibody activates the complement Forms the MAC which lyses the target cells

Question 50

what happens in complement dependent cellular cytotoxicity (CDCC)

Answer 50

Antibody activates complement which activates cells - the immune cells(natural killer cells and macrophages) have receptors which are put there by complement

Question 51

what is a pro to small molecules

Answer 51

more convenient to administer (oral)

Question 52

what is a con to small molecules

Answer 52

extensive plasma concentrations variation among patients

Question 53

what is the main pro to mAbs

Answer 53

they are a lot more specific (facilitates precise action, associated with less toxicity)

Question 54

what is another pro to mAbs besides specificity

Answer 54

they they have longer half lives, so infrequent dosing

Question 55

what are 2 cons to mAbs

Answer 55

- needles | - poor ability to penetrate into tissues and tumors

Question 56

can mAbs cross the BBB

Answer 56

no

Question 57

are human or chimeric more specific

Answer 57

the same

Question 58

what are recombinant fusion proteins

Answer 58

chimeric bi-functional proteins

Question 59

what composes recombinant fusion proteins

Answer 59

- antibody or antibody fragment (Fc) | - functional effector molecule (receptor, ligand)

Question 60

how are all recombinant fusion proteins named

Answer 60

with "cept" at the end

Question 61

what are fused in recombinant fusion proteins

Answer 61

the binding site of receptor to the antibody Fc

Question 62

what do recombinant fusion proteins act as

Answer 62

decoy receptor

Question 63

are recombinant fusion proteins small molecules or biologics

Answer 63

biologics

Question 64

what does it mean that recombinant fusion proteins work as decoy receptors (example)

Answer 64

Give fusion protein with receptor for TNF -Instead of binding to receptor on cell, it will bind to the decoy protein Mostly for blocking

Question 65

what does the Fc region do for recombinant fusion proteins

Answer 65

it improves the proteins half life and other pharmacological properties

Question 66

are recombinant fusion proteins or antibodies more expensive

Answer 66

recombinant fusion proteins