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PMCOL 344 > Diabetes-1 > Flashcards

Diabetes-1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main types of diabetes

A

diabetes insipidus and mellitus

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2
Q

what is diabetes insipidus

A

diuresis due to insufficient ADH production or response in kidney

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3
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

osmotic diuresis, spectrum of metabolic disorders involving reduced insulin secretion, reduced responsiveness to insulin, increased glucose production and/or abnormalities in fat and protein metabolism

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4
Q

what causes the death in diabetes

A

the prolonged hyperglycemia leads to chronic complications which contribute significantly to mobidity and mortality

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5
Q

what are 3 microvascular complications in diabetes

A

retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy

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6
Q

what is retinopathy

A

blood vessel damage in eye leading to vision loss/impairment

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7
Q

what is neuropathy

A

peripheral nerve damage

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8
Q

what is nephropathy

A

blood vessel damage in kidneys

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9
Q

what is a macrovascular issue with diabees

A

doubled risk in DM for CV disease

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10
Q

what does the body do during fasting to meet fuel demands

A

oxidation of fatty acids apart from CNS which must use glucose as energy source

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11
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of liver glycogen sotres

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12
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

creation of glucose, from things like lactate

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13
Q

what 2 things provide fasting glucose

A

gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (from liver)

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14
Q

what mediates/regulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (from liver)

A

insulin and glucagon

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15
Q

what does insulin do

A

inhibits hepatic glucose production

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16
Q

what do you want your insulin levels to be during fasting and why

A

fall of insulin levels so you can increase glucose output

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17
Q

what does glucagon do

A

stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and glycaneogenesis to maintain blood glucose during fasting

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18
Q

what do you want your glucagon levels to be during fasting and why

A

high so you can

stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and glycaneogenesis to maintain blood glucose during fasting

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19
Q

what is 1 sources in the body for glucose during fasting

A

liver

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20
Q

what is 1 sources in the body for fatty acids during fasting

A

adipose tissue

21
Q

what are insulin levels during fasting

A

low

22
Q

what are glucagon levels during fasting

A

high

23
Q

why are glucagon levels high and insulin low during fasting

A

to facilitate hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

24
Q

what does low insulin permit during fasting (not sugar related)

A

permits increased lipolysis in adipose tissue

25
Q

what are gut incretins

A

gut peptides that are secreted after nutrient intake and stimulate insulin secretion

26
Q

what does increase plasma glucose during feeding trigger

A

release of gut incretins (like GLP-1) and insulin from pancrease

27
Q

what is an example of a gut incretin

A

GLP-1

28
Q

what does insulin do to glucose

A

causes uptake of glucose by liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

29
Q

what does insulin do to liver

A

inhibits hepatic glucose production and lipolysis (increases total glucose oxidation)

30
Q

what does insulin do to glucose oxidation

A

increases

31
Q

what are the 3 main islets of langerhans

A

beta, delta, alpha

32
Q

what do beta cells secrete

A

insulin

33
Q

what % of all islets are beta cells

A

50%

34
Q

what % of all islets are alpha cells

A

40%

35
Q

what % of all islets are delta cells

A

10%

36
Q

what do delta cells release

A

somatostatin

37
Q

what does somatostatin do

A

inhibits insulin and glucagon release

38
Q

what does alpha cells release

A

glucagon

39
Q

what is the role of glucagon

A

increases insulin secretion but opposes its actions, so increases blood glucose

40
Q

what does GLP-1 do

A

enhances release of insulin

41
Q

where is GLP-1 released

A

in the pancreas (islets) and other locations

42
Q

what primarily controls insulin release

A

blood glucose levels

43
Q

what kind of response is insulin secretion

A

graded response (higher glucose release = higher insulin release)

44
Q

is oral or iv glucose more effective at releasing insulin and why

A

oral, because of gut incretins (they act on islets to increase even more release)

45
Q

what are 6 things that increase insulin secretion

A

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, parasymp stimulation, incretins, sulphonylureas

46
Q

what are sulphonylureas

A

drugs that stimulate insulin secretion (no matter what your blood sugar levels are)

47
Q

what are 3 things that inhibit insulin secretion

A

somatostatin, decreased plasma glucose, sympathetic stimulation

48
Q

what does somatostatin do to insulin release

A

inhibit

49
Q

what does incretins do to insulin release

A

increase

PMCOL 344 (27 decks)

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