Immune

Question 1

Organs of the Immune System:

Where do B cells mature & differentiate?

Where do T cells mature & differentiate?

Answer 1

The bone marrow (think B = bone)

Thymus gland

Question 2

Organs of the Immune System:

Spleen - filters _____ looking for foreign cells & stores different defense cells; Stores ___’s & destroys ____ or old RBC’s

Answer 2

blood; RBC’s; injured

Question 3

Antigen / Antibody Overview:

Antibody IS an __________ (large protein).

Formed in response to specific antigen(s) by _ lymphocytes (cells).

Tag and/ or inactivate antigen by phagocytosis, precipitation, neutralization, lysis, agglutination, opsonization.

Answer 3

immunoglobulin

B

Question 4

Immune Response:

_____ (natural) immunity — 1st line of defense after antigen exposure with an inflammatory response.

Memory or no memory? (specific or non-specific?)

Answer 4

Innate

NO memory!! Non-specific.

Question 5

Immune Response:

_______ (acquired) Immunity:

Systemic response.

Memory or no memory? (specific or non-specific?)

Answer 5

Adaptive

HAS MEMORY!! Specific!

Question 6

Immune Response:

Is passive immunity long term or temporary?

It’s produced by a source outside of the body. (like an immunoglobulin IV or breastmilk)

Answer 6

temporary

Question 7

How do you develop Active immunity?

Producing own antibodies = most commonly _____ or ________ ____ ________

Answer 7

vaccines

contracting the disease

Question 8

Leukocytes (WBCs) should be between: ______ and _____

< 4,500/mm³ is ______
vs .
>10,000/mm³ is ______

Answer 8

5,000 – 10,000/ mm3

Leukopenia (< 4,500/mm³)
Leukocytosis (>10,000/mm³)

Question 9

Neutrophils are first responders to _____ infections.

Lymphocytes primarily respond to ___ infections & ____ cells.

Answer 9

bacterial

viral; cancer

Question 10

Inflammatory Response:

Engulfing of pathogen primarily by neutrophils & macrophages is called what?

Answer 10

Phagocytosis

Question 11

5 Cardinal signs of inflammation:

Answer 11

redness
warmth
swelling
pain
loss of function

Question 12

Immune deficiencies:

Primary: Improper development of the _____ ______. Usually congenital or hereditary

______: deficiency results from interference with the already developed immune system. Usually ____ later in life.

Answer 12

immune system

acquired

Question 13

Systemic Infection:

Clinical Manifestations: _____, _____, pain or discomfort causes _______, anorexia, vomiting
Reddened, inflamed site

Answer 13

Fever, chills

Dehydration

Question 14

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is usually seen with acute ________.

Normal value is = < _ mg/L)

Answer 14

inflammation

Normal value is = < 1 mg/L)

Question 15

What is a normal ESR, and what does it mean when it’s elevated?

Answer 15

(Normal range 0-22 -29 mm/hr)

inflammation

Question 16

MRSA & VRE:

What is VRE stand for?

VRE: _______ resistant enterococcus

Answer 16

VRE: vancomycin resistant enterococcus

Question 17

MRSA & VRE: Key Things:

Take ___________ precautions

Reassess after how long?

How do we label someone as officially free of infection?

Answer 17

Contact

1 month

3 swabs taken 1 week apart!

Question 18

C Diff requires ______ precautions

Answer 18

Contact Precautions!

Question 19

HIV:

HIV is a _____virus transmitted via blood and body fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, amniotic fluid, breast milk)

Answer 19

retrovirus

Question 20

HIV:

In terms of virus replication, why is HIV considered a “HIV Factory”?

Answer 20

HIV binds to a cell & hides HIV DNA inside the cell’s DNA.

Question 21

HIV:

Which cells does HIV target?

Answer 21

HIV targets CD4+ cells (T lymphocytes), also known as Helper T-cells or Helper T-lymphocytes.

Question 22

HIV:

Transmitted through _____ and ____ ______.

Answer 22

Transmitted through blood & body fluids

Question 23

HIV:

Can transition from mother to fetus via what 3 ways?

Answer 23

In utero
During delivery
Breastmilk

Question 24

HIV:

What’s the best way to prevent needle stick puncture accidents?

Answer 24

DO NOT RECAP!!!

Question 25

HIV:

In the primary infection stage, the patient might not know they have it. In other words, they may initially be a__________ & test negative.

Answer 25

asymptomatic

Question 26

HIV:

What’s a normal CD4 cell count?

Answer 26

500 – 1500 cells / mm³

Question 27

HIV:

In the primary infection stage (stage 1), antibodies are often not detected for _wks to _ months, but the person is _________ (not very, highly) infectious.

Answer 27

6, 6, highly

Question 28

HIV:

What stage and CD4 count is when we see AIDS?

Answer 28

Phase 3, less than 200

Question 29

HIV:

According to the CDC, one of which 3 things are needed to officially diagnose AIDS?

Answer 29

Opportunistic malignancies develop

Wasting syndrome

Dementia

Question 30

HIV:

What are 2 common examples of Opportunistic malignancies?

Answer 30

Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS)—most common!

Lymphomas

Question 31

HIV:

How much weight loss do we see with Wasting Syndrome? (%)

Answer 31

> 10% wt loss in 1 mo

Question 32

HIV:

Which stage and CD4 count do Opportunistic pathogens truly thrive and infections are imminent?

Answer 32

Phase 3, less than 200

Question 33

HIV:

Which stage and CD4 count do we see involuntary weight loss, diarrhea and oral lesions are common (hairy leukoplakia, candidiasis)

Answer 33

Phase 3, less than 200

Question 34

HIV:

What’s a key notable nursing intervention for Wasting Syndrome

Answer 34

Administer appetite stimulants, most notably megastrol or dronabinol

Question 35

Meds For HIV:

4 major goals:

1) Reduce HIV-assoc. morbidity; prolong life (quality too)
2) Restore and preserve immune function
3) Suppress ___ _____ ____
4) Prevent HIV transmission

Answer 35

HIV viral load