Immune Flashcards
Organs of the Immune System:
Where do B cells mature & differentiate?
Where do T cells mature & differentiate?
The bone marrow (think B = bone)
Thymus gland
Organs of the Immune System:
Spleen - filters _____ looking for foreign cells & stores different defense cells; Stores ___’s & destroys ____ or old RBC’s
blood; RBC’s; injured
Antigen / Antibody Overview:
Antibody IS an __________ (large protein).
Formed in response to specific antigen(s) by _ lymphocytes (cells).
Tag and/ or inactivate antigen by phagocytosis, precipitation, neutralization, lysis, agglutination, opsonization.
immunoglobulin
B
Immune Response:
_____ (natural) immunity — 1st line of defense after antigen exposure with an inflammatory response.
Memory or no memory? (specific or non-specific?)
Innate
NO memory!! Non-specific.
Immune Response:
_______ (acquired) Immunity:
Systemic response.
Memory or no memory? (specific or non-specific?)
Adaptive
HAS MEMORY!! Specific!
Immune Response:
Is passive immunity long term or temporary?
It’s produced by a source outside of the body. (like an immunoglobulin IV or breastmilk)
temporary
How do you develop Active immunity?
Producing own antibodies = most commonly _____ or ________ ____ ________
vaccines
contracting the disease
Leukocytes (WBCs) should be between: ______ and _____
< 4,500/mm³ is ______
vs .
>10,000/mm³ is ______
5,000 – 10,000/ mm3
Leukopenia (< 4,500/mm³)
Leukocytosis (>10,000/mm³)
Neutrophils are first responders to _____ infections.
Lymphocytes primarily respond to ___ infections & ____ cells.
bacterial
viral; cancer
Inflammatory Response:
Engulfing of pathogen primarily by neutrophils & macrophages is called what?
Phagocytosis
5 Cardinal signs of inflammation:
redness warmth swelling pain loss of function
Immune deficiencies:
Primary: Improper development of the _____ ______. Usually congenital or hereditary
______: deficiency results from interference with the already developed immune system. Usually ____ later in life.
immune system
acquired
Systemic Infection:
Clinical Manifestations: _____, _____, pain or discomfort causes _______, anorexia, vomiting
Reddened, inflamed site
Fever, chills
Dehydration
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is usually seen with acute ________.
Normal value is = < _ mg/L)
inflammation
Normal value is = < 1 mg/L)
What is a normal ESR, and what does it mean when it’s elevated?
(Normal range 0-22 -29 mm/hr)
inflammation
MRSA & VRE:
What is VRE stand for?
VRE: _______ resistant enterococcus
VRE: vancomycin resistant enterococcus
MRSA & VRE: Key Things:
Take ___________ precautions
Reassess after how long?
How do we label someone as officially free of infection?
Contact
1 month
3 swabs taken 1 week apart!
C Diff requires ______ precautions
Contact Precautions!
HIV:
HIV is a _____virus transmitted via blood and body fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, amniotic fluid, breast milk)
retrovirus
HIV:
In terms of virus replication, why is HIV considered a “HIV Factory”?
HIV binds to a cell & hides HIV DNA inside the cell’s DNA.
HIV:
Which cells does HIV target?
HIV targets CD4+ cells (T lymphocytes), also known as Helper T-cells or Helper T-lymphocytes.
HIV:
Transmitted through _____ and ____ ______.
Transmitted through blood & body fluids
HIV:
Can transition from mother to fetus via what 3 ways?
In utero
During delivery
Breastmilk
HIV:
What’s the best way to prevent needle stick puncture accidents?
DO NOT RECAP!!!
HIV:
In the primary infection stage, the patient might not know they have it. In other words, they may initially be a__________ & test negative.
asymptomatic
HIV:
What’s a normal CD4 cell count?
500 – 1500 cells / mm³
HIV:
In the primary infection stage (stage 1), antibodies are often not detected for _wks to _ months, but the person is _________ (not very, highly) infectious.
6, 6, highly
HIV:
What stage and CD4 count is when we see AIDS?
Phase 3, less than 200
HIV:
According to the CDC, one of which 3 things are needed to officially diagnose AIDS?
Opportunistic malignancies develop
Wasting syndrome
Dementia
HIV:
What are 2 common examples of Opportunistic malignancies?
Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS)—most common!
Lymphomas
HIV:
How much weight loss do we see with Wasting Syndrome? (%)
> 10% wt loss in 1 mo
HIV:
Which stage and CD4 count do Opportunistic pathogens truly thrive and infections are imminent?
Phase 3, less than 200
HIV:
Which stage and CD4 count do we see involuntary weight loss, diarrhea and oral lesions are common (hairy leukoplakia, candidiasis)
Phase 3, less than 200
HIV:
What’s a key notable nursing intervention for Wasting Syndrome
Administer appetite stimulants, most notably megastrol or dronabinol
Meds For HIV:
4 major goals:
1) Reduce HIV-assoc. morbidity; prolong life (quality too)
2) Restore and preserve immune function
3) Suppress ___ _____ ____
4) Prevent HIV transmission
HIV viral load
