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immun Flashcards

1
Q

type 1 hypersens examples

A

anaphylaxis
atopic (asthma, allergic rhinitis)
food allergies

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2
Q

type 1 hypersens pathophys

A
  1. Preformed IgE antibodies coating mast cells and basophils are crosslinked by contact with free antigen
  2. Cell degranulation results in the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
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3
Q

Th2 immunity, IgE, mast cell degranulation, eosinophilic influx

A

Type 1 Hypersensitivity: Immediate

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4
Q

in type 1 hypersens the role of IL-5 is

A

Promotes eosinophil activation

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5
Q

in type 1 hypersens the role of IL-4 and IL-13 is

A
  • Promotes smooth muscle contraction, intestinal permeability, mucus secretion, sensitivity of cells to the mast cell mediators
  • Achieve resistance against helminths.
  • “Weep and sweep response”- parasite resistance and expulsion
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6
Q

The asthmatic response comes from the lungs trying to

A

expel helminths

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7
Q

type 2 hypersens pathophys

A
  • IgM or IgG antibodies bind to antigens on the cells of particular tissue types.
  • Complement system activation and lysis or phagocytosis of cells
  • Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (e.g., by natural killer cells)
  • Antibody interference with normal cell function
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8
Q

type 2 hypersens examples

A

Grave’s disease, Myasthenia Gravis, Vasculitis, AIHA (autoimmune haemolytic anaemia), pernicious anemia, Blood transfusion, Rheumatic fever

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9
Q

type 3 hypersens pathophys

A

Pathophysiology
- IgG antibodies bind to circulating antigens.
- Immune complex formation and deposition in particular tissues
- Deposits in tissue activate the complement system and attract neutrophils
- Neutrophilic lysis or phagocytosis of cells

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10
Q

type 3 hypersens examples

A

Glomerulonephritis, SLE, drug allergies, serum sickness

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11
Q

type 4 hypersens pathophys

A

Pathophysiology
- Contact of antigen with pre-sensitized T lymphocytes
- Presensitized CD4+ T cells recognize antigens on antigen-presenting cells → release of inflammatory cytokines → activation of macrophages
- Presensitized CD8+ T cells recognize antigens on somatic cells → cell-mediated cytotoxicity

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12
Q

type 4 hypersens examples

A

Contact Dermatitis (poison ivy), hashimoto’s thyroiditis, type 1 Diabetes, MS, crohns

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13
Q

T-cell mediated (delayed): which T cells

A

Th1 or Th17 cells activate and recruit macrophages, CTLs

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14
Q

Ms Singh, a 19 year old plumbing apprentice complained of feeling hot and fatigued. He complained of feeling his heart beat faster and harder in his chest.
After doing a thyroid panel (T3/T4, TSH) and an autoimmune panel, he was diagnosed with Grave’s disease, in which antibodies are directed towards the cell surface receptors of thyroid cells to enhance hormone secretion.
What type of sensitivity is this?

A

Type II hypersensitivity: cytotoxic

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15
Q

Ms Z, a 27 year old astronaut has been diagnosed with SLE
In Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Autoantigens complexed with their cognate autoantibodies directly contribute to the activation of the immune system via the FcR (Fc receptor) and cause mediated update of these complexes.
Which of the types of sensitivity is this?

A

Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune complex

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16
Q

Ms K, a 45 year old gynaecologist has been diagnosed with a watermelon allergy.
In the anaphylaxis against watermelon, the mast cells degranulate, releasing histamine and pro-inflammatory factors as a result of repeated exposure to a particular antigen.

What type of hypersensitivity is this?

A

Type I hypersensitivity: immediate

17
Q

A/Prof Sins, a 25 year old University lecturer has been diagnosed with late onset T1DM.
In T1DM, CD8 T cells target cells within the pancreas and kill them, preventing the production of insulin and glucose homeostasis within the body.
Which type of hypersensitivity is this?

A

Type IV: delayed (T-cell mediated)

18
Q

T1DM
autoantibodies?
destruction of?
deficiency?

A

→ autoimmune response with production of autoantibodies, e.g., anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (anti-GAD), anti-islet cell cytoplasmic antibody (anti-ICA)
→ progressive destruction of β cells in the pancreatic islets
→ absolute insulin deficiency
→ decreased glucose uptake in the tissues
Mx: insulin

19
Q

SLE most commonly affects?

A

affects women of childbearing age and is the most common form of lupus.

20
Q

SLE pts have ?

A

Patients have a characteristic butterfly rash

21
Q

medication for SLE

A

Mx: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, biologics

22
Q

myasthenia gravis characterised by ?

A

An autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by generalized muscle weakness. It most commonly affects adults

23
Q

myasthenia gravis pathophys

A

The pathophysiology involves autoantibodies directed against postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors (AchR), which induce T-cell mediated destruction of those receptors.

24
Q

Myasthenia gravis medication

A

Mx: Pyridostigmine (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor), Immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, IVIG

25
Q

Grave’s disease pathophys

A

Autoantibodies act as agonist at TSH receptor and increase thyroid hormone production.
It is an autoimmune condition that is associated with circulating TSH receptor autoantibodies leading to overstimulation of the thyroid gland with excess thyroid hormone production.

26
Q

Grave’s disease Mx

A

Mx:
- beta blockers to quickly alleviate symptoms,
- antithyroid drugs to achieve euthyroid status, and
- radioiodine ablation or, less commonly, near-total thyroidectomy for definitive control of the disease.

27
Q

IgM

A

Highly inflammatory antibody- first responder, very good at activating complement but low affinity

28
Q

IgG

A

Serum antibody, may be high affinity, crosses placenta to provide neonatal immunity

29
Q

IgA

A

Major antibody of the mucosal system
Serum IgA- inflammatory, Mucosal IgA- non-inflammatory

30
Q

IgE

A

Highly specialised for Helminths- cause allergies

31
Q

IgD

A

Receptor for naive B cells (not secreted)

32
Q

Important hallmarks of cancer

A
  1. Self sufficiency- independent from growth signals
  2. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals- Doesn’t arrest cell cycle when DNA repair or tumour suppressor genes initiate apoptosis
  3. Evading apoptosis- pro-survival gene (Bcl-2 gene), can be inhibited in therapy for some cancers (CLL)
  4. Limitless replicative potential
  5. Sustained angiogenesis
  6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
  7. Evasion of immune surveillance (unofficial hallmark)

exams (5 decks)

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