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(SALMA) Physiology > IMMS > Flashcards

IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

what does the mitochondria consist of

A 
double membrane
cristae
matrix (Krebs cycle)
inner membrane (oxidative phosphorylation)
- produces ATP
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2
Q

what does rough ER have

A

ribosomes for protein production

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3
Q

what does rough ER do

A

protein production

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4
Q

what does smooth ER do

A

produce lipids

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5
Q

what does Golgi apparatus do

A
  • receives proteins n lipids from ER

- modifies and packages them into vesicles for transport

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6
Q

what do the cis, medial and trans Golgi faces do

A

cis - nearest to nucleus, protein phosphorylation
medial - forms oligosaccharides (by adding sugar to protein n lipids)
trans - packages into vesicles n proteolysis

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7
Q

what do vesicles form

A

lipid bilayer

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8
Q

what does the cis golgi face do

A

nearest to nucleus, protein phosphorylation

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9
Q

what does the medial golgi face do

A

forms oligosaccharides (by adding sugar to protein n lipids)

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10
Q

what does the trans Golgi face do

A

packages into vesicles n proteolysis

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of vesicles

A
  1. lysosome
  2. secretory
  3. transport
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12
Q

what does the cytoskeleton of the cell do

A

keeps cell shape and organises parts of cell

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13
Q

what is the structure of the cytoskeleton (smallest to largest)

A

microfilaments (actin) 5nm
intermediate filaments 10nm
microtubules 25nm

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14
Q

which cytoskeletal structure is 5nm

A

microfilaments

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15
Q

which cytoskeletal structure is 10nm

A

intermediate filaments

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16
Q

which cytoskeletal structure is 25nm

A

microtubules

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17
Q

what are the 3 types of cell energy storage

A
  1. lipofuscin
  2. lipid droplets (in adipose tissue)
  3. glycogen
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18
Q

what is glycogen

A

main cell storage of glucose

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19
Q

where are lipid droplets mainly found

A

adipose tissue

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20
Q

what is lipofuscin

A

droplet deposits around nucleus

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21
Q

how does lipofuscin alter with age

A

increases

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22
Q

what does the cell membrane consist of

A

phospholipid bilayer

interspersed with proteins, carbs and cholesterol

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23
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane (3)

A
  1. protects cell from outside
  2. selectively permeable to ions
  3. transport in and out of cell
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24
Q

how do transporter proteins act

A

transmembrane

- move substances in n out of cell (facilitated diffusion or active transport)

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25
Q

what are desmosomes specialised for

A

cell to cell adhesion

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26
Q

what are desmosomes

A

protein complexes found in cell membrane of epithelial cells

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27
Q

what do cell surface receptors do

A

bind to external ligand convert extracellular info into intracellular info

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28
Q

what are 3 types of cell surface receptors

A
  1. ion channels (opens)
  2. G protein (activates protein to open ion channel)
  3. enzyme linked (receptor linked to intracellular enzyme
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29
Q

what is receptor mediated endocytosis

A

pinocytosis

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30
Q

what are the 4 steps of endocytosis

A
  1. molecules bind to receptors in clathrin-coated pit in cell membrane
  2. pits bud to form clathrin-coated vesicles
  3. vesicles fuse with intracellular endosome
  4. contents are either transported to lysosome or recycled into cell membrane
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31
Q

define diffusion

A

movement of a molecule from an area of high conc to an area of low conc down conc grad

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32
Q

define facilitated difffusion

A

normal diffusion through a transmembrane protein

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33
Q

what is facilitated diffusion useful for

A

large or polar molecules

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34
Q

define active transport

A

movement of molecules against conc gradient (uses ATP)

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35
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintenance of stable internal conditions within the body

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36
Q

what are the 3 types of cell communication

A

autocrine (Within same cell)
paracrine (Signal effects nearby cells)
endocrine (signal secreted into blood)

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37
Q

what is autocrine cell communication

A

within the same cell

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38
Q

what is paracrine cell communication

A

signal affects nearby cells

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39
Q

what is endocrine cell cmmunication

A

signal secreted into blood

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40
Q

what is positive feedback

A

amplification of process - chainreaction

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41
Q

what is negative feedback

A

result of the action inhibits another action

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42
Q

****what does extracellular fluid consist of

A

80% extracellular space

20% plasma

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43
Q

what are the 3 steps to osmoregulation (dehydration)

A
  1. low water levels detected by hypothalamic osmoreceptors
  2. osoreceptors send signal to pituitary to release ADH
  3. ADH travels to kidney and causes increased fluid uptake
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44
Q

what is the difference between sensible and insensible fluid loss

A

sensible can be measured: urien, faeces, breathing

insensible cannot be measured - evaporation

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45
Q

list examples of sensible fluid loss

A

urine
faeces
breathing
(measured)

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46
Q

name an example of insensible fluid loss

A

evaporation

cat be measured

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47
Q

what is diff btwn osmolality and osmolarity

A

conc of solutes in plasma per KG (osmolality) or per LITRE (osmolarity) of solution

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48
Q

define osmolality

A

conc of solutes in plasma per kg of solution

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49
Q

define osmolarity

A

conc of solutes in plasma per litre of solution

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50
Q

define osmotic pressure

A

hoe esily solution can take in water

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51
Q

define oncotic pressure

A

type of osmotic pressure concerning alubmin; pressure exerted

52
Q

define oedema

A

increased movement of fluid from plasma to interstitial place, or decrease (vice versa)

53
Q

name 4 types of oedema

A

normal
inflammatory
lymphatic
hypoalbuminaemic

54
Q

what is normal oedema

A

increased hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of vessels

55
Q

what is inflammatory oedema

A

histamine increases blood vessel permeability

56
Q

what is lymphatic oedema

A

lymph system doesn’t remove fluid from extracellular space

57
Q

what is hypoalbuminaemic anaemia

A

decreased albumin therefore decreased oncotic pressure

58
Q

what are carbs made of

A

monosaccharides - 6 carbon

59
Q

which bonds form btwn monosaccharides to produce di/polysaccharides (and what type of reaction is this)

A

glycosidic

condensation

60
Q

are lipids hydrophilic or phobic

A

phobic

61
Q

what is a triglyceride

A

glycerol head with 3 fatty acid tails

62
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of (3)

A

nitrogenous base
pentose sugar
phosphate group

63
Q

which bond forms btwn adjacent nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

64
Q

which bonds form opposite nucleotides

A

hydrogen

65
Q

in an amino acid, what is the central carbon atom attached to (4)

A

amine goup
carboxyl group
hydrogen group
variable group

66
Q

which bonds form btwn amino acids in a condensation reaction

A

peptide bonds

67
Q

what is primary protein structuer

A

specific sequence of amino acids

68
Q

what is secondary protein structure

A

alpha helix n beta pleated sheet

69
Q

what is tertiary protein structure

A

folding into 3d shape eg disulphide bridges, h bonds and polar regions

70
Q

what is quaternary protein structure

A

multiple tertiary proteins working together eg Hb

71
Q

discuss enzymes

A
  • bilogical catalyst
  • protein and non-protein component
  • induced fit theory
  • coenzyme: non protein component
72
Q

what are the intermolecular forces (weakto strong)

A

vDW - permanent dipole - hydrogen bonds

73
Q

what kind of sugar are DNAand RNA

A

pentose

74
Q

what do DNA and RNAconsist of

A

pentose sugar
phosphat group
nitrogenous base

75
Q

what bonds are btwn base pairings

A

hydrogen

76
Q

what are the 4 steps of semi conservative replication (1 original and 1 new DNA strand)

A
  1. topoisomerase unwinds DNA from supercoiled state
  2. helicase unzips DNA strand at replication fork
  3. DNA polymerase synthesises new DNA - leading strand produced continuous, lagging strand produced in short Okazaki fragments (asissted by DNA primase)
  4. new strands joined up by ligase
77
Q

what does topoisomerase do in semi conservative replication

A

unwinds dan from supercoiled state

78
Q

what does helices do

A

unzips dna strand at replication fork

79
Q

what does DNA polymerase do

A

synthesises new dna

80
Q

what are the 5 steps of transcription and translation

A
  1. RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to promoter region on gene
  2. DNA strand unwinds and RNA polymerase moves across active gene, producing strand of mRNA
  3. gene splicing - introns are removed, exons reassembled in variable rearrangement
  4. mature mRNA travels form nucleus and the 5’ end binds to ribosome
  5. tRNA with specific anticodon binds to corresponding mRNA codon - amino acid attached to tRNA
81
Q

name 3 stop codons

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

82
Q

define mis-sense

A

SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)

- change in single nucleotide may result in potential change in amino acid

83
Q

define non-sense

A

SNP causes stop codon to be translated so not fully formed amino acid chain = non functioning protein

84
Q

what are the 4 steps in the cell cycle

A
  1. G1 phase - cellular contents replicated
  2. S phase - chromosomes replicated
  3. G2 phase - replication checked for errors, components reassembled and rearranged
  4. MITOSIS
85
Q

what happens during g1

A

cellular contents replicated

86
Q

what happens during s phase

A

chromosomes replicated

87
Q

what happens during g2 phase

A

replication checked for errors, components reassembled n rearranged

88
Q

what is interphase

A

g1 - s - g2 (can’t see

89
Q

what happens in prophase

A
  • chromatin condenses to visible chromosomes

- centrioles migrate to poles of cell

90
Q

what happens in prometaphase

A
  • nuclear membrane breaks down

- microtubules from centrioles bind to centreoeres

91
Q

what happens in metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up in middle of cell (metaphase plate)
92
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite ends of cell by microtubules

93
Q

what happens during telophase

A
  • nuclear membrane reforms

- chromosomes decondense to form chromatin

94
Q

what happens during cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm dives to form 2 daughter cells

95
Q

what are the 3 steps of meiosis

A
  1. interphase (contents replicate, 2n - 4n)
  2. meiosis 1 - mitosis, but crossing over n independent assortment occurs (4n - 2n)
  3. meiosis 2 - daughter cells divide to form haploid cells (2n - n)
96
Q

what happens during meiosis 1

A

mitosis, but crossing over n independent assortment occurs (4n - 2n)

97
Q

what happens during meiosis 2

A

daughter cells divide to form haploid cells (2n - n)

98
Q

what is Down syndrome

A

trisomy 21 - numerical abnormality

99
Q

are structural abnormalities more or less serious than numerical

A

less bc genetic info still present just diff sizes

100
Q

what is gametogenesis

A

meiosis to form gametes

101
Q

what is Mendel’s 2nd law

A

hereditary box crossover diagram (dominant n recessive alleles)

102
Q

what is gonadal mosaicism

A

epigenetic means env factors (eg age) causes sperm n egg to have diff genetic info to mum n dad

103
Q

define genotype

A

genetic makeup of individual

104
Q

define phenotype

A

observable characteristsitcs of an individual

105
Q

name 2 types of inheritance

A

mendelian

multifactorial

106
Q

what is mendelian inheritance

A

purely genes

107
Q

what is multifactorial inheritance

A

comb of genes n env

108
Q

what is autosomal dominance

A

condition presents in heterozygous state

109
Q

what is an example of autosomal dominant

A

huntingtons disease

110
Q

what is autosomal recessive

A

condition only presents in homozygous state

111
Q

name 2 examples of autosomal recessive

A

CF

sickle cell anaemia

112
Q

what is sex linked inheritance (x linked)

A

genes carried on maternal x chromosome

- transmitted through unaffected females, affects mostly males

113
Q

what are 2 examples of x linked inheritance

A

haemophilia

muscular dystrophy

114
Q

which inheritance affects mostly males

A

x linked

115
Q

what is lyonisation

A

1 materanal x chromosome is inactivated, random (in x linked: faulty x could be active or inactive)

116
Q

what is knudson’s 2 hit hypothesis

A

cancer is a result of accumulated mutations to cell DNA

117
Q

what is multifactorial disease

A

comb of genes n env eg schizophrenia

risk of cond higher in relatives

118
Q

what is penetrance

A

percentage of individuals w specific genotype that show expected phenotype

119
Q

what is variable expression

A

individuals w same genotype may have differeing phenotypes

120
Q

what is anticipation

A

genetic defects affect successive generations early and more severely, due to repeat triplet sequences

121
Q

what is the definition of metabolism

A

chemical processes occurring within body to maintain life

122
Q

define basal metabolic rate

A

rate of energy use in body for vital functions at rest

123
Q

which factors affect bmr

A

age
gender
body size n composition

124
Q

is the ATP-ADP cycle energetically feasible

A

favourable - negative gibs energy

125
Q

what are 3 methods of ATP genertion

A

glycolysis
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

(SALMA) Physiology (12 decks)

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