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Physiology > IMMS > Flashcards

IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

structure of DNA

A

double helix, complimentary base pairs ( A - T & C - G)

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2
Q

number of chromosomes in human body

A
  • 46 chromosomes
  • 22 pairs (autosomes) and 1 pair of sex chromosomes ( XY - male & XX - female)
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3
Q

karyotype definition

A

number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell

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4
Q

mitosis definition

A
  • to produce 2 daughter cells, genetically identical to parent cells, growth, and replace dead cells
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5
Q

meiosis definition

A
  • Recombination of genetic material that results in genetic diversity
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6
Q

male to make transmission is always which inheritance pattern

A

autosomal dominant

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7
Q

3 types of hormone

A
  • peptide (insulin, GH, TSH)
  • steroid (testosterone, oestrogen, cortisol)
  • amino acid (adrenaline, T4, T3)
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8
Q

Predominant ICF electrolyte

A

potassium

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9
Q

Predominant ECF electrolytes

A
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • bicarbonate
  • calcium (heart and muscle)
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10
Q

Total body water is ____L, made up of ____L ICF and ____L ECF

A
  • total body water = 42L (60% body weight)
  • 40% of body weight = 28L (ICF)
  • 20% of body weight = 14L (ECF)
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11
Q

Osmolality and osmolarity definition

A
  • osmolality: measure of the number of dissolved particles by kg of fluid
  • osmolality: measure of the number of dissolved particles by L of fluid
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12
Q

Describe what happens when RAAS system detects decreased renal blood flow

A
  • renin release (juxtoglomerulus)
  • renin converts angiotensinogen -> angiotensin I
  • ACE (lungs/ kidneys) converts angiotensin I -> angiotensin II
  • angiotensin II: inc sympathetic activity, arteriolar vasoconstriction, ADH (post. pituitary), aldosterone (adrenal) - inc Na reabsorption/ K excretion
  • water and salt retention -> inc in circulating volume
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13
Q

Energy given from carbohydrates/ protein/ alcohol/ lipids

A
  • carbohydrates: 4kcal/g
  • protein: 4kcal/g
  • alcohol: 7kcal/g
  • lipid: 9kcal/g
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14
Q

Basal metabolic rate definition

A

BMR: amount of energy needed to keep the body alive at the rest state
* 1kcal/kg body mass/ hr

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15
Q

factors that increase BMR

A
  • high BMI
  • hyperthyroidism
  • low ambient temperature
  • fever/ infection
  • pregnancy
  • exercise
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16
Q

factors that decrease BMR

A
  • old age
  • gender (females have less metabolically active tissue)
  • starvation
  • hypothyroidism
17
Q

How is excess energy stored in the body?

A
  • triglycerides (excess lipid)
  • glycogen (excess glucose)
  • protein
18
Q

Describe how diabetic ketoacidosis occurs

A
  • reduced glucose supply (glycogen) due to insufficient insulin
  • liver breaks down fatty acids into ketones
  • the conc. of ketones in the blood becomes too high for the tissues to oxidise them (usually buffered by bicarbonate from kidneys)
  • ketones build up -> blood pH lowers (metabolic acidosis)
19
Q

Ideal blood pH

A
  • ideal pH = 7.4
  • alkalosis = pH>7.45
  • acidosis = pH<7.35
20
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis?

A
  • most common cause = decreased alveolar ventilation -> decreased excretion of CO2
  • PaCO2 >6kPa
21
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

A
  • excessive excretion of CO2 - hyperventilation (anxiety)
  • also from severe asthma/ moderate PE
  • PaCO2 < 4.5kPa
22
Q

What are the 4 causes of metabolic acidosis?

A
  1. excess of acid (most common) - tissue hypoxia -> anaerobic metabolism -> lactic acid
  2. inadequate H+ excretion - renal failure/ endocrine disturbances (eg Addison’s)
  3. diabetic ketoacidosis
  4. reduced buffering capacity - loss of small bowel/ excessive diarrhoea -> loss of large amounts of bicarbonate (cholera/ Crohn’s)
23
Q

What are the 3 causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A
  1. excess H+ loss - prolonged vomiting/ pyloric stenosis
  2. excessive reabsorption of bicarbonate - loss of chloride (prolonged vomiting/ diuretic drugs) cause increase in bicarb reabsorption to compensate
  3. ingestion of alkalis
24
Q

Difference in compensation time of respiratory and metabolic acidosis/ alkalosis

A
  • respiratory: compensation time is very quick - rapid response, limited effect
  • metabolic: compensation time is longer - delayed response - the acidosis/ alkalosis has a greater effect
25
Q

2 types of bone

A
  • Primary: first to be formed - disorganised matrix
  • Secondary: remodelled, highly organised, lighter and stronger, compact
26
Q

3 types of simple epithelium

A
  • simple squamous - alveoli
  • simple cuboidal - collecting ducts
  • simple columnar - lining of intestines, gall bladder, bronchus
27
Q

3 types of stratified epithelium

A
  • stratified squamous non-keratinised - mouth, oesophagus, vagina (waterproof)
  • stratified squamous keratinised - external skin (waterproof)
  • stratified cuboidal - some large ducts (not waterproof)
28
Q

3 types of muscle

A
  • smooth (arterial wall, intestinal wall, lung airways, bladder, ureters) - involuntary
  • skeletal (skeletal muscles, larynx, diaphragm, eye) - voluntary
  • cardiac (heart, base of aorta and pulmonary artery)

Physiology (2 decks)

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