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Physiology > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is —% cellular and —% plasma

A

45% cellular and 55% plasma

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2
Q

What is blood plasma made up of?

A

Water and proteins (eg albumin, coag factors, immunoglobulins)

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3
Q

Definition of haematocrit

A

The percentage of RBCs in the cellular component of blood

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4
Q

RBC: site of production, life span and regulatory hormone

A
  • Adults- bone marrow of axial skeleton
  • Children- All bones
  • Foetus- liver, spleen & yolk sac
  • life span: 120 days
  • regulated by erythropoeitin (prod by kidney and liver)
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5
Q

Platelets: site of production, life span and regulatory hormone

A
  • Derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
  • 7-10 days
  • Thrombopoietin (prod by liver and kidneys)
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6
Q

Neutrophils: features, function, life span, prevalence

A
  • Multi-lobed nucleus
  • Early phagocytosis of a pathogen
    Involved in acute inflammation
  • ~10 hours
  • 40-60% of leukocytes
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7
Q

Eosinophils: features, function, life span, prevalence

A
  • Bi-lobed nucleus, very eosinophilic (Pink), “Lozenge-shaped nucleus”, distinctive granules
  • Combat parasites & involved in allergies
    Neutralises histamine (antagonist to basophils & mast cells)
  • 8-12 hours
  • 1% of leukocytes
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8
Q

Basophils: features, function, life span, prevalence

A
  • Bi-lobed nucleus, very prominent dark blue granules of histamine
  • Involved in allergic reaction & inflammation
    Histamine (antagonist to eosinophils)
  • 8-12 hours
  • 0.5% of leukocytes
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9
Q

Monocytes/ Macrophages: features, function, life span, prevalence

A
  • Reniform (kidney bean-shaped) nucleus
  • Monocytes differentiate into macrophages which then become tissue-resident
    Major phagocytotic role
    Can become antigen-presenting cells
  • 8-12 hours
  • 2-10% of leukocytes
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10
Q

Lymphocytes: features, function, life span, prevalence

A
  • ”Fried egg appearance”, can be B or T lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes > Plasma cells/ memory cells & produce antibodies
    T lymphocytes > Thelper (CD4 & CD8), Tcytoxic (Tkiller), Tsuppressor
  • 8-12 hours
  • 20-40% of leukocytes
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11
Q

3 main coagulation mechanisms

A
  1. Vascular constriction
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Clot formation
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12
Q

Cardiac Output definition

A

The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute. CO = SV * HR. ~5-6 L/min

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13
Q

Stroke Volume definition

A

The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle with each beat ~70 mL

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14
Q

End-Diastolic Volume definition

A

Volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole ~130 mL

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15
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Percentage of end-diastolic volume ejected with each beat. SV/EDV. 65%.

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16
Q

End-systolic volume definition

A

Volume of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of systole ~50 mL.

17
Q

Factors affecting Cardiac Output

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Emotions
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Posture
  5. Sweating
  6. Age
  7. Gender
18
Q

3 factors affecting stroke volume

A
  • end-diastolic volume (preload)
  • myocardial contractility
  • afterload
19
Q

Describe Frank-Starling Law

A
  • Within PHYSIOLOGICAL LIMITS, the force of contraction is directly proportional to initial length of muscle fiber
  • Increased EDV=Increased fiber length=Increases force of contraction=Increases stroke volume=Increases cardiac output
20
Q

Describe effect of myocardial contractility on stroke volume

A
  • More ventricular muscle mass=increased contractility=increased stroke volume (Athletes)
  • Sympathetic stimulation increases ventricular contractility
  • Hormones- catecholamines, acetylcholine, thyroxine
  • Drugs/ chemicals- caffeine, digitalis
21
Q

Afterload definition

A

Force against which ventricles contract/eject (peripheral resistance)

22
Q

Describe effect of afterload on stroke volume

A
  • peripheral resistance depends on vessel diameter and blood viscocity
  • vasoconstriction/ increased viscosity = increased peripheral resistance = decreased SV (and vice versa)
23
Q

Why doesn’t increased HR always increase CO?

A
  • In tachycardia, duration of diastole SHORTENS, meaning ventricles have less time to be filled= EDV decreases/does not increases as much AS EXPECTED
  • Conversely in bradycardia, diastole prolongs= EDV does not decrease as much AS EXPECTED= compensates to maintain CO
24
Q

What is the primary pacemaker and its rate of discharge?

A

SA node = primary pacemaker (60-100/min)

25
Q

What are the latent (potential) pacemakers of the heart?

A

AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

26
Q

Describe the path of action potential

A

SA node -> AV node -> bundle of His -> Bundle branches -> Purkinje fibres -> ventricular excitation

27
Q

How does the pressor region increase BP?

A
  • sympathetic
  • increases vasoconstriction
  • increases cardiac output (by inc HR and SV with more forceful contractions)
  • increases contractility
28
Q

How does the depressor region decrease BP?

A
  • parasymapthetic
  • inhibits pressor region
29
Q

Effect of low CSF pH on BP

A
  • CSF pH lowers as CO2 crosses BBB
  • Decrease in pH activates pressor region (inc. vasoconstriction & inc. CO)
30
Q

What is the long-term regulation of BP

A
  • Renal-intrinsic mechanism of kidney
  • Hormonal- RAAS, ANP, ADH
31
Q

Major vasoconstrictors

A
  • Local - Endothelin-1 (released by endothelium in response to damage)
  • Hormonal - adrenaline (via alpha1 receptors), angiotensin II, ADH
  • Pressor region (medulla)
32
Q

Major vasodilators

A
  • Local - NO, lactic acid, hypoxia (systemically), prostaglandin
  • Hormonal - adrenaline (via beta2 receptors), ANP
  • Depressor region (medulla)
33
Q

Universal blood recipient and universal donor?

A
  • Type AB: universal recipient
  • Type O: universal donor
34
Q

Effect of parasymathetic stimulation on HR

A
  • innervated via vagus nerve
  • decreases HR
  • decreases force of contraction
  • decreases CO
35
Q

Effect of symathetic stimulation on HR

A
  • innervated by sympathetic postganglionic fibres
  • increases HR
  • increases force of contraction
  • increases CO
36
Q

What are the 3 heart sounds?

A
  • HS1: lub - closure of atrioventricular valves
  • HS2: dub - closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
  • HS3: blood rushing into left ventricles

Physiology (2 decks)

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