IMMS

Question 1

Cranial

Answer 1

towards the head/ head end

Question 2

Rostral

Answer 2

Brain - Rostral = Anterior
Spinal Cord - Rostral = Superior

Question 3

Caudal

Answer 3

Brain - Posterior
Spinal Cord - Inferior

Question 4

Torso/Trunk

Answer 4

main central part of body including thorax, abdomen and pelvis

Question 5

Thorax

Answer 5

upper part of torso from bottom of neck to diaphragm, houses lungs and heart and is surrounded by ribs.

Question 6

Chest

Answer 6

often used to mean the
thorax but is less accurate, as some may use it to refer to the
front of the thorax only

Question 7

Abdomen

Answer 7

central part of the torso between the diaphragm and the top of the pelvic bones, consist of organs of digestion like liver, stomach and small intestine, referred to as ‘stomach’ in everyday conversation

Question 8

Pelvis

Answer 8

Lowest part of torso between abdomen and start of lower limbs, consists last part of digestive tract, bladder and reproductive organs. The bony ring of the pelvic region is also called pelvis, so the
term ‘pelvis’ is used to describe both the entirety of the pelvic
region (including organs and blood vessels etc.) and the bone of the
pelvic region.

Question 9

Back

Answer 9

Anatomically, the ‘back’ refers to the
entire posterior surface of the torso, however, in everyday
conversation people may use this term to refer to the spine.

Question 10

Arm

Answer 10

The upper part of the upper limb (from the torso to the elbow). This
is where the biceps muscle is located. In everyday conversation,
people usually refer to the entire upper limb as the ‘arm’

Question 11

Forearm

Question 12

Thigh

Question 13

Leg

Question 14

Anatomical Position

Answer 14

The standard anatomical position is described as a person in the following orientation:

Standing upright and facing forward.
Mouth closed with neutral facial expression.
Arms straight, hands held by the hips with palms facing forward.
Feet together and parallel, toes pointing forward.
In biological males, the penis is described as erect.

Question 15

Superior

Answer 15

Above The brain is superior to the heart

Question 16

Inferior

Answer 16

Below The pelvis is inferior to the thorax.

Question 17

Ventral/Anterior

Answer 17

Front (in front of) The nose is anterior to the ears.

Question 18

Posterior/Dorsal

Answer 18

Back (behind) The spine is posterior to the
sternum.

Question 19

Proximal

Answer 19

Closer to the origin The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Question 20

Medial

Answer 20

Closer to the centre line The big toe is medial to the little toe

Question 21

Lateral

Answer 21

Further away from the centre
line The thumb is lateral to the palm.

Question 22

Distal

Question 23

Ipsilateral

Question 24

Contralateral

Question 25

Deep

Question 26

Superficial

Question 27

Supine

Question 28

Prone

Question 29

perichondrium

Answer 29

perichondrium is a dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of most of the cartilage in the body.

Question 30

periosteum

Answer 30

The periosteum is a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places except at joints

Question 31

Joints

Answer 31

A connection between two or more bones is a joint, irrespective of whether movement can
occur between the two bones.

Question 32

Ligaments

Question 33

Tendons

Question 34

Histological classification of joints

Answer 34

fibrous,
cartilaginous or synovial

Question 35

characteristics of a synovial joint

Answer 35

The bones in a synovial joint are united by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity. The joint capsule is composed of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous synovial membrane. The joint cavity is a potential space which contains lubricating synovial fluid. The bones are covered by articular cartilage.
Synovial joints allow free movement between the bones they join. The majority of limb joints are synovial.

Question 36

Fibrous joint

Answer 36

interosseus membreane bw radius and ulna = moveable, cranial sutures = immovable.

Question 37

flexion

Question 38

extension

Question 39

abduction

Question 40

adduction

Question 41

medial rotation

Question 42

lateral rotation

Question 43

elevation

Question 44

depression

Question 45

supination

Question 46

pronation

Question 47

dorsiflexion

Question 48

plantarflexion

Question 49

inversion

Question 50

eversion

Question 51

opposition

Question 52

reposition

Question 53

circumduction

Question 54

protraction

Question 55

retraction