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HISTORY - america > immigration to USA - COMPLETE > Flashcards

immigration to USA - COMPLETE Flashcards

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1
Q

when did america’s open door policy on immigration end?

A

1920

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2
Q

where were many immigrants taken before being allowed to enter the USA? (from 1892)

A

ellis island

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3
Q

how did some immigrants travel to america?

A

by sailing into ports in boston, miami, new orleans etc

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4
Q

how many americans can trace their roots to ellis island?

A

over 40%

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5
Q

how many people passed through ellis island?

A

over 12 million

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6
Q

what is a six second physical?

A

the first test an immigrant had to pass before being granted citizenship.

if the doctor marked any 1 of 17 chalk marks on a person’s back they failed the test and were not allowed to become citizens.

roughly 2/10 people received a mark for things ranging from pregnancy to heart issues.

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7
Q

what was the second test immigrants needed to pass?

A

inspectors asked immigrants 29 questions; have you any money; have you any relatives in america; is there a job waiting for you here.

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8
Q

how many people were denied entry for failing immigration tests?

A

roughly 2% of immigrants - over 1000 people a month during peak immigration people - 240,000 in total

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9
Q

aside from those who failed the tests, who else was rejected?

A

criminals

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10
Q

what happened to those who passed the immigration tests?

A

they were given a landing card (citizenship) and taken by ferry to new york

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11
Q

when was immigration at its lowest?

A

in the 1820s

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12
Q

when was immigration at its highest?

A

1900s (1900-1910)

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13
Q

what happened to immigration during the great depression?

A

it decreased (4.3 million in 1920s to only 700k in 1930s)

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14
Q

when was the old immigration period?

A

1820s-1880s

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15
Q

when was the new immigration period?

A

1880-1920s

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16
Q

who were the old immigrants?

A

mostly white anglo saxon protestants (wasps) from northern europe (uk, germany)

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17
Q

who were the new immigrants?

A

mostly poor and illiterate people from eastern and southern europe (italy, poland); lots of catholics and jewish people

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18
Q

what happened to the population of new york in the 1880s?

A

by 1890 there were more irish immigrants in new york than dublin

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19
Q

when were the first calls to end free immigration made?

A

the 19th century

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20
Q

which group began calling for immigration control in 1884?

A

the immigration restriction league

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21
Q

what did the immigration restriction league say?

A

america was in danger of “being swamped by lesser breeds”

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22
Q

what was passed in 1882?

A

the chinese exclusion act

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23
Q

what happened in 1848/9?

A

many chinese immigrants came to america during the gold rush

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24
Q

what happened to chinese immigrants after the gold rush?

A

many stayed and worked on the railways in the USA

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25
Q

when was the chinese exclusion act (1882) repealed?

A

1943

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26
Q

who did the USA ban from immigrating in 1917?

A

all asian immigrants except those from japan and the philippines

a literacy test was also introduced for adult immigrants

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27
Q

who influenced early changes to immigration policy?

A

the immigrant restriction league (IRL) who associated immigration with poverty, crime and disease

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28
Q

why did irl propose a literacy test?

A

to prevent “detrimental immigration”

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29
Q

what was the california alien land law of 1913?

A

legislation which prevented “aliens ineligible for citizenship” (asians) from owning land or property, but permitted 3 year leases

this affected chinese, indian, japanese and korean immigrant farmers in california

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30
Q

which quotas were introduced in 1921?

A

only 350,000 immigrants were permitted a year

80% of them must be WASPS/from northern europe

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31
Q

how were immigration quotas changed in 1924?

A

oriental immigration was banned

the limit decreased to 150,000

now 85% must be WASPS

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32
Q

🚨 NEW TOPIC 🚨

A

🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊

changing attitudes towards immigration

🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊

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33
Q

NEW CAUSE OF CHANGING ATTITUDES

A

social fears

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34
Q

what were the concerns of WASPS regarding the impact of immigrants on society?

A
  • city slums
  • crime
  • disease
  • poverty
  • drunkenness
  • political influence
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35
Q

what happened to the population of New York, Chicago and Detroit?

A

by 1850 immigrants made up almost half of their combined populations

36
Q

how much of new york’s population was made up of immigrants, or their descendants, by 1890?

A

four fifths/80%

37
Q

what happened to immigration during ww2?

A

it increased as millions tried to escape the war and economic depression

38
Q

what were some other concerns of the old immigrants?

A

that new cultures and religions would threaten the “american” way of life

39
Q

what did many new immigrants do with their cultures and languages?

A

they maintained them

41
Q

what did old immigrants do when their community began to fill with new immigrants?

A

they moved out

42
Q

what caused these new immigrant areas to deteriorate?

A

no enforcement of sanitation codes and no investment

43
Q

where did the majority of (old and new) immigrants settle?

A

boston, philadelphia, chicago, new york

44
Q

what was considered proof of the bad influence of immigrants?

A

soaring crime statistics in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of immigrants

45
Q

over 17,000 arrests were made in new york in 1858. how many of these were immigrants? of that, how many were irish?

A

almost 15,000 foreigners (14,638)

over 10,000 irish (10,477)

46
Q

however, what did crime statistics also show?

A

that the crime rates of wasps and new immigrants were roughly the same

47
Q 
which nationality had the highest crime rate for the following: 
robbery
violent crime
minor crime
sexual offences
other
A 
americans
italians 
italians
english
austrians
48
Q

who were america’s first slum dwellers and where did they live?

A

irish immigrants

they crammed into lofts, cellars, tenements, old warehouses and one-roomed shacks in squalid neighbourhoods like boston’s north end and new york’s five points

49
Q

what did these irish slums become known for?

A

epidemics and high morality rates

50
Q

what did a boston investigate committee report in 1849?

A

that in irish neighbourhoods life expectancy did not exceed age 14

51
Q

how many paupers in massachusetts were foreigners?

A

2/3. also, most of them were irish

52
Q

who was overrepresented in poor relief?

A

by 1850, it was foreign born citizens

53
Q

whose culture involved the consumption of lots of alcohol, and who did this offend?

A

the german and italian culture of drinking offended puritanical wasps

54
Q

NEW CAUSE OF CHANGING ATTITUDES

A

racism and prejudice

55
Q

in the 1820s, what happened to sabbaths?

A

drunken irish people ignored them in favour of fighting, drinking and swearing

57
Q

when did the kkk die out, when did it reform and who reformed it?

A

1870s

1915, in georgia

reformed under william j simmons

58
Q

how many members did the kkk have at its peak?

A

1 in 8 american male WASPS (21-65) were members at its peak

59
Q

how many black men were lynched in the 1920s?

A

roughly 460

60
Q

between 1880-1919, how many black people were lynched each week?

A

an estimated average of 2 people a week in the US

61
Q

NEW CAUSE OF CHANGING ATTITUDES

A

the effects of WW1 and economic reasons

62
Q

what happened to the US economy in 1914?

A

it was boosted with the outbreak of ww1

63
Q

what contributed to this boost?

A
  • need for increased production
  • stimulated a number of old industries like petroleum and steel
  • helped created new industries like plastic and rayon production
  • wheat production
  • munitions factories
64
Q

who did the economic boom create jobs for?

A

women, immigrants and black people

65
Q

what caused high unemployment in the usa after ww1?

A
  • decreased demand for food
  • closing of munitions factories
  • decline in industrial production
  • soldiers returning to the workforce
66
Q

what was the unemployment rate by 1921?

A

11.7% - an increase from 5.2%

67
Q

what did unemployment do to change attitudes towards immigrants?

A

high competition for jobs increased hostility towards immigrants of eastern european and asian origin

68
Q

what did wasps believe about new immigrants regarding employment?

A

that they deprived them of work and drove down wages

69
Q

what was the basic survival wage for a worker, agreed by the US labour unions in 1916?

A

$745 a year

70
Q

what was the average pay received by italian and hungarian immigrants?

A

$400 a year

71
Q

what did employers do to striking employees?

A

fired them and hired immigrants to replace them

72
Q

what percentage of lynching victims were black?

A

90%

73
Q

how many women were lynched before 1918?

A

over 50

74
Q

what did a us labour union report in 1918 give as the reason for their failure to improve wages and conditions for workers?

A

“the bosses employed italians and poles to break the strikes”

75
Q

what types of jobs were illiterate immigrants prepared to take?

A

dirty and dangerous jobs in mines or factories that nobody else wanted

76
Q

what were the conditions like for these workers?

A

16 hour days in sweat shop conditions, no holidays, no injury/illness/death compensation for them or their families

77
Q

in 1913 how many were killed or injured in factories?

A

25,000 fatalities and 700,000 injuries

78
Q

NEW CAUSE OF CHANGING ATTITUDES

A

fear of revolution

79
Q

why were americans worried about russian immigrants?

A

they feared they would cause a revolution after tsar nicholas and his family were killed in 1918

80
Q

how many communists were there in america in 1920?

A

over 150,000, only 0.1% of the american population

81
Q

what else spurred fears of a revolution?

A

a series of strikes

82
Q

what was the seattle shipyard strike?

A
  • jan 21st 1919
  • 35,000 shipyard workers went on strike
  • feb 6, 60,000 now striking
  • no violence or arrests but strikers were still labelled Reds and accused of inciting revolution
83
Q

what was the boston police strike?

A
  • sep 9 1919
  • boston police force go on strike
  • some looting and vandalism, but papers exaggerated stories of massive riots and federal troops firing machine guns on a mob
  • policemen branded “agents of lenin”
  • on sep 13, police commissioner edwin curtis announces sacking of strikers and hiring of entirely new police force
84
Q

what happened to president mckinley?

A

he was assassinated by a polish immigrant

85
Q

what happened to sacco and vanzetti, two italian immigrants?

A
  • arrested and charged for a robbery and double homicide that took place in april 1920
  • both men admitted to being anarchists but neither spoke much english
  • the trial began in may 1921 and both men were sentenced to the electric chair in july
  • despite international campaigns both men were executed in august 1927
  • in 1977, 50 years after their execution, the governor of massachusetts granted them a formal pardon and accepted that an unfair trial had taken place
86
Q

what evidence did the prosecution have?

A
  • 61 witnesses
  • the men ‘acted guilty’ when arrested, lied too police somewhat (but did not speak much english)
  • vanzetti had a previous conviction for armed robbery in december 1919
  • both men carrying loaded guns when arrested containing bullets the same size as those used in the robbery
87
Q

what evidence did the defence have?

A
  • several other men confessed to the murders
  • 107 alibis were offered for sacco + vanzetti
  • HUGE disagreement among witnesses over what the men were wearing
  • guns were carried for protection
  • both spoke very little english and were confused during questioning, so lied because they felt victimised for being foreigners and anarchists
88
Q

how did the judge sum up the trial?

A

by saying vanzetti might be innocent but was still an enemy of the USA, then calling the men “anarchist bastards”

HISTORY - america (6 decks)

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