Immigration and Identity Flashcards
from colony to dominion?
1867- Canada
1901- Australia
1907- New Zealand
1910- South Africa
1922- Ireland
Commonwealth?
1931
Loss of moral authority?
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919 in India
British imperial films?
celebration of character, bravery, duty and service
partition of India?
1947
Britain still a global power?
overseas bases kept after WWII.
1947 conscription extended (900,000 by 1950s).
A-Bomb tested in 1952. H-Bomb tested in 1957.
1948-55 war against communist guerillas in Malaya.
1952-56 war against Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya.
1954-59 war against guerilla fighters in Cyprus
Wind of change speech?
Macmillan 1960
decolonisation?
1960- Nigeria.
1962- Jamaica, Uganda.
1963- Kenya.
1965- Gambia, Maldives.
1970- Tonga, Fiji
rebranding the empire?
empire day (1904-57).
commonwealth day (1958)
commonwealth games (1978-)
Britain’s identity crisis?
GB not found a role after loss of empire
anti-immigration campaigner?
William Eden Evans-Gordon, army in India.
Conservative MP.
Established British Brothers’ League (BBL).
‘foreign invaders’
immigration and the law?
1905 Aliens Act- first peacetime restrictions on immigration, ‘undesirable immigrants’ denied entry.
1914 Aliens Restriction Act- restriction and internment.
1919- Aliens Restriction Act- extends wartime controls into peacetime.
why was there a postwar labour shortage?
demobilisation takes time.
why was there a lot of jobs available after the war?
industrial expansion creates jobs.
extensive house-building programme.
urban development.
infrastructural projects- especially motorways and airports.
possible sources of immigration?
Ireland, north and south.
Europe.
Commonwealth.
How many immigrants in 1950?
429,000
1948 British Nationality Act?
Defined British nationality by creating the status of ‘Citizen of the UK and Colonies’.
what was the annual inward flow by 1961?
100,000
European Volunteer Workers?
‘ideal immigrants’
‘first-class people’
‘of great benefit to our stock’
reasons for difficult race relations?
Lack of effort by govt to encourage good race relations.
pace of immigration- sense of being ‘swamped’.
Competition- jobs, housing, women.
Immigrants easy scapegoats.
Negative stereotypes associated with particular races.
‘Colonisation in reverse’.
Britain’s postwar identity crisis?
downgrade in world role.
loss of empire.
decline in economic power.
fragmentation of UK.
increased immigration.
racial violence?
1948- Birmingham, Liverpool
1949- Deptford.
1954- Camden.
1958- Notting Hill.
Growth of extreme right?
1948- Mosley’s Union Movement.
1957- White Defence League.
1960- Original BNP.
1967- National Front.
1982- BNP.
Legislation to curb immigration?
1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act.
1965-68 extended.
1971- Immigration Act.
Peter Griffiths, Conservative slogan in Smethwick, 1964?
‘if you want a n***** for neighbour, vote Labour.’
What was Labour’s dilemma?
stance on immigration (widely unpopular)
Rivers of Blood Speech?
Powell, 1968
attacks on ethnic minorities?
1975- 2,700.
1981- 7,000.
when were the Brixton Riots?
1981
net immigration figures?
1971-80: -347.8%.
1981-90: +74.3%.
1991-2000: +575.1%.
is the aim integration or multiculturalism?
integration= imposed conformity.
multiculturalism= segregation.
Symbols of immigration?
Viv Anderson, Paul Ince, Millie Small
