Immigration

Question 0

What proportion of British society were non-white by 1962?

Answer 0

• there were 350,00 or 0.7% of the population

Question 1

When did the first immigrants arrive in Britain after the war?

Answer 1

-The Empire Windrush arrived in June 1948 carrying 492 passengers from the Caribbean

Question 2

What was the impact of the 1948 British Nationality act?

Answer 2

• this confirmed the right of all Commonwealth citizens to settle in Britain
• at this time, the government was very keen to attract more workers to the country

Question 3

What work options were available for immigrates in Britain?

Answer 3

• there were several labour shortages in Britain
• recruitment campaigns were held in the West Indies to attract workers for the NHS and London transport
• Immigrants could earn 30 times as much as their normal wage in Britain
• they gained work in textile factories but later set up small businesses and shops

Question 4

Why did many immigrants have a romantic view of Britain?

Answer 4

• they had been taught in their homeland to regard Britain as the ‘mother country’ and had learnt about British literature and history
• sparked up curiosity to come here

Question 5

How did economic problems at home cause many people to emigrate to Britian?

Answer 5

• Many commonwealth countries suffered from high unemployment, poverty and high birth rates

Question 6

How did violence at home cause many people to emigrate to Britain?

Answer 6

• The partition of India, which created Pakistan, was accompanied by much violence including the deaths of 2 million people

Question 7

What other factors affected immigration levels in Britain?

Answer 7

• In Uganda, president Idi Amin expelled 60,000 Asian Ugandans, many of them came to Britain.
• The USA enforced stricter controls to gain entry to the USA

Question 8

What problems did immigrants in Britain face in the 1950s?

Answer 8

• They suffered discrimination in housing
  > eg. ‘No blacks’ signs
• In 1958 a white mob of mostly 300 teddy boys attacked West Indians houses in Notting Hill, there was little protection from the police
• Tensions had rose between the West Indian community and the police
• Many West Indian immigrants were doing jobs they were over-skilled for, the also found it harder to gain promotion

Question 9

Who was Kelso Cochrane?

Answer 9

• A carpenter, originally from Antigua, who was stabbed to death by six white youths in 1959
• Police failed to arrest his killers
• The Notting Hill carnival was set up

Question 10

How did the conservative Government attempt to reduce immigration in the 1960s?

Answer 10

• They introduced the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrant Act, which took away the rights of Commonwealth citizens to settle - now, immigrants had to receive an employment voucher
• This marked the end of unrestricted immigration from Pakistan and India
• By 1972 you had to have a work permit to enter the country

Question 11

Why did the conservative government do what they did to reduce immigration?

Answer 11

• they were responding to public pressure which considered some immigrants to be lazy, involved in crime, or even willing to work for less than white workers

Question 12

How did the labour government try to protect immigrants?

Answer 12

• The 1965 Race Relations Act made it illegal to discriminate on grounds of race in public places
• The 1968 Race Relations Act outlawed discrimination in housing and employment
  > however, there remained often negative perceptions of immigrants

Question 13

What was the rivers of blood speech?

Answer 13

• Delivered in 1968 by Enoch Powell
• It criticised immigration to the Uk
• Many immigrants felt insulted by his remarks
• Thousands supported him; dock workers marched in favour
• Powell was sacked by the conservative leader, Edward Heath

Question 14

What was the National front?

Answer 14

• An extreme right wing group set up in 1967 who opposed immigration and multi - cultural policies
• Held many demos in London, but failed to get a single MP elected

Question 15

What contribution had immigrants made to the UK by the early 1970s?

Answer 15

• music ( Bob Marley )
• Economics ( textile industries, transport )
• Cultural ( Notting Hill carnival, foods, Religion )
• Health ( NHS

Question 26

Who was Enoch Powell?

Answer 26

• A conservative MP who held strong views on immigration.

- He used speeches to warn Britain of its dangers

Question 27

What was the ‘rivers of blood speech’ and how did people react?

Answer 27

• 20th April 1968
• Powell said he could see clouds brewing because of the admission of immigrants
• “I seem to see the River Tiber foaming with much blood” Powell’s speech showed much anger.
• many immigrants felt insulted.
• He was sacked.

Question 34

Where did immigrants come from?

Answer 34

• Caribbean
• East Africa
• Indian Subcontinent
• Ireland
• Eastern Europe

Question 35

What are 9 reasons that Immigrants came to Britian?

Answer 35

1- Work opportunities 
2- Economic problems at home
3- Violence at home
4- Forced to leave their country
5- Education opportunities
6- Many served in British armed forces 
7- Admired Britain 
8- Weather conditions at home  
9- Set up businesses

Question 36

What were some negative experiences that Immigrants had?

Answer 36

• Charged expensive rents
• White youths attacked West Indians
• Not welcome in bars and restaurants
• Some workers demanded separate toilet facilities to Sikh workers
• Claims that immigrants had a particular taste for crime, knives and drugs
• Had to live in Britain for 5 years before being able to apply for council accommodation
• Banks and building societies were reluctant to give loans for mortgages

Question 37

What and when was the first Commonwealth Immigrations Act?

Answer 37

• 1962!
• passed by the conservative government
• voucher system which restricted immigration to people who had a valuable skill or could do a job where there was a shortage of workers

Question 38

What happened in 1964?

Answer 38

-Prime minister Harold Wilson limited the number if immigrants to 8,500 per year

Question 39

What and When was was the Race Relations Act?

Answer 39

• Was passed in 1965-66
• Made if illegal time discriminate against any person because of their race or colour.
• Government set up Race Relation Board to handle with complaints on discrimination

Question 40

What was started in 1967?

Answer 40

• foundation of the National front, a political partie who were openly racist

Question 41

What happened with the Commonwealth Immigration Act in 1968?

Answer 41

• Restricted work vouchers to 1,500 per year
• Brought in a close connection clause, which restricted entry to Commonwealth citizens who held a British passport or had grandparents who were born in Britian.

Question 42

What was allowed in 1971?

Answer 42

Ugandan Asians and people who had been born in Britain or had lived in Britain for more than 5 years were allowed to settle.

Question 43

What and when was the Racial Equality act?

Answer 43

• 1976!
• made racially offensive publications illegal.
• set up tribunals so that any job applicant who felt discriminated could report the employer