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International Media Community > IMC Summary > Flashcards

IMC Summary Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term ‘International media community’ refer to?

A

A diverse group of people involved in producing, distributing, influencing, being influenced by, and consuming media products.

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2
Q

What is the definition of media?

A

The main means of mass communication.

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3
Q

How is media technically plural?

A

As the plural of the word medium.

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4
Q

What is the view of media as mainstream news outlets, journalists, press, etc?

A

Referred to as a single entity but is actually a social club with shared cultural and ideological assumptions.

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5
Q

What role does mass media play in society?

A

It plays a role in socializing, identity construction, and dissemination of news in democratic societies.

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6
Q

What does media sociology attempt to understand?

A

The dynamic relationship between individuals and society, and how social structures enable or constrain individual behavior.

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7
Q

What is a social institution?

A

An organization critical to the socialization process, providing a support system for individuals as they become members of a larger social network.

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8
Q

How do culture and structure shape behavior?

A

By exercising great power over how media worked.

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9
Q

What is the concept of technological determinism?

A

The view that social outcomes stem directly from the introduction of new technologies, shaping and influencing society’s values, culture, and behavior.

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10
Q

What is the criticism of technological determinism?

A

While new technologies can shape behavior, people also have agency. It’s people’s usage of technology, not technology itself, that can change social processes.

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11
Q

What is the concept of Technological affordance?

A

The range of functions & constraints that an object provides.

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12
Q

What is the cultural diamond?

A

A system where each point in the diamond affects the others, used to understand culture. by Wendy Grisworld. (1994)

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13
Q

What is the political economy on macro level?

A

Organisation of the state & economy matters

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14
Q

What is the Frankfurt school known for in relation to capitalism?

A

Marx critique of capitalism to more recent developments in politics, economics & culture.

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15
Q

According to Theodor Adorno, what did he believe about movies and radio?

A

He believed they are no longer art.

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16
Q

What did Jugen Habermas say about the media and advertising?

A

He stated that the media is ‘a platform for advertising’ that ‘prestructures’ nearly all debate in ways that preserve established social hierarchies.

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17
Q

What is the concept behind Marshall McLuhan’s statement ‘the medium is the message’?

A

It means that it’s not the content of the medium that matters, but the characteristics of that medium determine its content.

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18
Q

According to Paul Starr, what led to the rapid growth of mass media in the US?

A

A unique blend of free-market capitalism & government intervention.

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19
Q

What is the concept of ‘Field theory’ according to Pierre Bourdieu?

A

There are different fields which are social spaces structured by external forces like the market & internal features of culture like norms & values.

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20
Q

According to Paul Hirsch, what elaborate systems exist in the cultural industry?

A

Elaborate systems exist to turn out mass culture products that are predictable in quality & likely to succeed in the market place.

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21
Q

What is the issue in sociology of mass communication according to Denis McQuail?

A

The issue is whether mass media content mirrors social values or does it independently originate change.

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22
Q

What does the ‘Reflection theory’ state about media representations?

A

It states that media representations mirror society.

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23
Q

According to Gramsci, when does hegemony occur?

A

Hegemony occurs when a dominant group presents their view of the world in such a way that the masses accept it & consent to their own domination.

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24
Q

What makes the ‘Ideal public sphere’?

A

Inclusivity, disregard of status, rational-critical discourse & adresses common concern

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25
Q

What does Doxa mean?

A

Systems of presuppositions (something you assume to be true)

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26
Q

What does new institutionalism mean?

A

Great uncertainty or risk within fields as organisations fight to survive.

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27
Q

What are six key facets that shape production of culture?

A
  1. technology,
  2. law & regulation,
  3. industry structure,
  4. organisation structure,
  5. occupational careers,
  6. market
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28
Q

What is the definition of media representation today?

A

Cultural resources produced by/for society & as symbolic sites where issues, problems, tensions & dilemmas are negotiated & contested.

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29
Q

What does feminist media studies focus on?

A

Underrepresentation & patriarchal representation of women across a range of media.

30
Q

What is hegemony?

A

When a dominant group presents their view of the world in such a way that the masses accept it completely & consent to their own domination.

31
Q

What did Fredric Wertham argue in his book ‘Seduction of the Innocent’?

A

That comic books corrupt minds of children by exposing them to violence, criminality & sex.

32
Q

What does exemplification theory argue about examples presented in mass media?

A

That they are particularly powerful heuristics or mental shortcuts that are more likely to stick in the mental schemata (or clusters of ideas) in our brains.

33
Q

What are the five different way of financing?

A
  1. Fee-based,
  2. Advertising,
  3. Fundraising,
  4. Grants,
  5. Public funding
34
Q

What is the danger of responding to market demand in media production?

A

Media producers fall victim to ‘Tyranny of the consumer’ (choosing customer preferences over concern for quality)

35
Q

What was the 2007 Radiohead experiment related to media financing?

A

Internet users pay what you want for the album, creating a web-based ‘pay what you want’ model.

36
Q

What is the main objective of the fee-based media model?

A

To collect as many fees as possible.

37
Q

What is the consequence of the fee-based model in media production?

A

An enormous amount of media content reflecting the concerns, interests & tastes of affluent people while preferences of lower income consumers & coverage of problems that matter to them are often largely excluded.

38
Q

What is the primary customer for advertisers?

A

You are the data they collect.

39
Q

What is the primary service of broadcasting?

A

To broadcast free to anyone with an antenna.

40
Q

What do advertisers do to target particular demographics?

A

Track audience demographics.

41
Q

What is the process of seeking and gathering voluntary financial contributions?

A

Fundraising or fund-raising.

42
Q

What is a grant?

A

A fund given by a person or organization for a specific purpose linked to public benefit.

43
Q

What are the challenges in public funding for broadcasting?

A

Independence.

44
Q

What is the ‘rabbit hole effect’ in the context of tech companies?

A

Users may be led towards videos that become more extreme due to specific addictive algorithms.

45
Q

What are the challenges related to transparency in fundraising?

A

Not strong transparency

46
Q

What is the impact of concentration in ownership on the media landscape?

A

Homogenization hypothesis - homogenization in the media landscape.

47
Q

How have media companies grown in the digital age?

A

By buying a large number of the same type of media properties, vertical integration, and horizontal integration.

48
Q

What is Horizontal Integration?

A

Buying media properties across several industries.

49
Q

What is Vertical Intergration?

A

Media companies buy more parts within a single industry

50
Q

What are the advantages of media concentration?

A

Advantages include more efficiency, scope for specialization, and the ability to compete with foreign media companies.

51
Q

How does media concentration benefit small ventures?

A

It saves small ventures by guaranteeing their further existence through joining a media group.

52
Q

What is the Homogenization Hypothesis in the context of media ownership?

A

It suggests that concentration in ownership reduces diversity in media, leading to a less competitive and diverse marketplace.

53
Q

What is the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) used for?

A

It is used to determine market competitiveness, with different levels indicating the degree of concentration in the marketplace.

54
Q

What are the types of diversity affected by media concentration?

A

Format diversity, demographic diversity, and idea diversity are affected by media concentration.

55
Q

What is the Hotelling-Steiner Effect in the context of media concentration?

A

It suggests that with many different media companies in the market, there will be a decline in diversity of content.

56
Q

What is the relationship between sameness and practices common in profit-driven industries?

A

Sameness pervading is linked to practices common in profit-driven industries.

57
Q

What is the Propaganda model proposed by Edward Herman & Noam Chomsky?

A

It suggests public opinion is influenced through 5 filters: financial ownership, funding through advertising, reliance on PR, flak, Anti-communism & fear.

58
Q

What does the EU Digital Services act & Digital Markets act entail?

A

Set of rules of regulating digital services with clear obligations tailored to the importance of the online platforms.

59
Q

What are gatekeepers in the context of the EU Digital Markets act?

A

Businesses with a strong economic position and significant impact on the internal market.

60
Q

What obligations are set for gatekeeper platforms under the EU Digital Markets act?

A

They must allow 3rd parties to inter-operate with the gatekeeper’s own services in certain specific situations.

61
Q

What does the gatekeeper’s platform allow their business users to do?

A

Access the data they generate and promote their offer & conclude contracts with their customers outside the platform.

62
Q

What tools and information does the gatekeeper’s platform provide to companies advertising on their platform?

A

Tools & information necessary for advertisers & publishers to carry out their own independent verification of their advertisements.

63
Q

What is the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) about?

A

New guidelines for the collection & processing of personal data of individuals wishing the EU came into effect in 2018.

64
Q

Why should the state intervene in the media community?

A

Public interest and the expense of R&D (Research & Development).

65
Q

What is the Chinese credit system proposed in 2014 and launched by 2020?

A

A financial score for loans and a social score for individuals & companies.

66
Q

What does the public sphere refer to?

A

refers to an arena or space in society where individuals come together to discuss & debate matters or common concern.

67
Q

How does Jürgen Habermas describe the ideal public sphere?

A

Accessible, rational, inclusive & transparant

68
Q

How did Jürgen Habermas describe the ideal public sphere in terms of accessibility?

A

It should be open to all individuals regardless of their social status, wealth, or political power.

69
Q

What is the expectation for discourse within the public sphere according to Jürgen Habermas?

A

It should be based on reason, evidence, and logical argumentation.

70
Q

What is the expectation for processes within the public sphere according to Jürgen Habermas?

A

They should be transparent, allowing for scrutiny and accountability.

71
Q

What are some trends related to the public sphere?

A

Growing political polarisation, retreat from the public sphere, decline in trust in transpartisan institutions

International Media Community (2 decks)

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