Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MODULE 17 - Urinary, Endocrine and Oncological Disease > IMAGING - Urinary System > Flashcards

IMAGING - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the limitations of radiography when imaging the urinary system?

A

Fluid and soft tissue have the same opacity
Kidneys and bladder may not always be visible
Can often only see marked changes in radio-opacity and size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is the right kidney more difficult to visualise on radiography?

A

The right kidney is often superimposed onto the liver on radiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the main applications of radiograph contrast studies when imaging the urianry system?

A

Radiograph contrast studies are useful for assessing for urinary tract ruptures and to assess the intrapelvic structures of the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are negative based radiograph contrast studies?

A

Negative based contrast studies is where air is used to provide contrast as air will decrease the x-ray attenuation making the structures containing these agents appear darker on the radiograph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are positive based radiograph contrast studies?

A

Positive based contrast studies is where iodine based contrast mediums are used to increase the x-ray attenuation, making the structures containing these agents appear brighter on the radiograph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which routes of administration can be used for contrast radiography of the urinary system?

A

Intravenous urography (IVU)
Retrograde urethral cystography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is intravenous urography (IVU)?

A

Intravenous urography (IVU) is where the contrast medium is administered via the cephalic vein and demonstrates the kidneys and the ureters

|Can only be done with positive contrast methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is retrograde urethral cystography?

A

Retrograde urethral cystography is where the contrast medium is administered via a urinary catheter to demonstrate the urethra and the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is it so important to correctly position your urinary catheter when doing retrograde urethral cystography?

A

It is important to position your urinary catheter so that the contrast doesnt spill out but also at the distal end of the urethra in order to visualise as much of the urethra as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What should be done before taking contrast radiographs of the urinary system?

A

Plain radiographs
Enema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why should an enema be done prior to contrast radiography of the urinary system?

A

An enema should be done prior to contrast radiography of the urinary system as the colonic content can both mask and imitate pathological changes in the urinary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which ultrasound view of the normal kidneys is this?

A

Long axis view of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which ultrasound view of the normal kidneys is this?

A

Short axis view of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is the right kidney more difficult to visualise on ultrasound?

A

The right kidney is more dorsal and cranial than the left kidney and can be tucked into the ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the appearance of the kidneys differ in cats compared to dogs?

A

In cats, the kidneys are more mobile and have a more rounded outline than in dogs. Cats are also more likely to have a corticomedullary rim sign which can be completely normal in cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which factors should you assess when assessing the kidneys on diagnostic imaging?

A

Location
Size
Shape
Margins
Internal structures
Echogenicity
Echotexture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the internal structures of the kidneys that you should assess on ultrasound?

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Corticomedullary junction
Renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for changes in the renal parenchyma on diagnostic imaging?

A

Acute renal disease
Chronic renal disease
Chronic endstage kidney disease
Renal dysplasia
Neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the key signs of acute renal disease on ultrasound?

A

Renomegaly
Rounded, hazy looking kidney
Retroperitoneal effusion
Reduced corticomedullary definition
Corticomedullary rim signs
Hyperechogenicity

|Acute renal disease can look normal on ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the key signs of chronic renal disease on ultrasound?

A

Bilateral changes (both kidneys)
Heterogenous renal cortices
Reduced corticomedullary definition
Indentations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is indicated by indentations in the renal surface on ultrasound?

A

Indentations on the renal surface on ultrasound indicate chronic infarcts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is renal dysplasia?

A

Renal dysplasia a congenital renal disease where one or both kidneys do not develop normally in utero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the signs of renal dysplasia on ultrasound?

A

Reduced corticomedullary definition
Abnormal margins of the kidney
Small kidney

|Usually presents in young animals but can be seen in older animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the signs of chronic end stage kidney disease on ultrasound?

A

Disruption of normal renal architecture
Small kidney

|Usually presents in older animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for renal pelvis dilatation on diagnostic imaging?

A

Hydronephrosis due to urinary obstruction
Pyelonephritis
Neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Hydronephrosis is the dilatation of the renal pelvis as a results of a urinary flow obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the key signs of hydronephrosis on ultrasound?

A

Dilated renal pelvis
Dilated ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What should you do if you identify hydronephrosis on ultrasound?

A

If you identify hydronephrosis on ultrasound you should use the ultrasound to follow the ureter to identify the site os urinary obstruction and check the other kidney and ureter for any changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidneys

30
Q

What are the key signs of pyelonephritis in the kidneys?

A

Dilated renal pelvis with thickening and irregular margins of the renal pelvis

31
Q

What are the key signs of renal neoplasia on ultrasound?

A

Disruption of normal renal architecture
Enlarged lymph nodes

32
Q

Which further diagnostics should you do if you suspect renal neoplasia on ultrasound?

A

Further diagnostic imaging (radiography and CT)
Fine needle aspirate (FNA)
Biopsy

33
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for focal changes in the kidneys on diagnostic imaging?

A

Renal caliculi
Renal cysts
Renal abscesses
Renal neoplasia

34
Q

(T/F) All caliculi can be visualised on radiography and ultrasound

A

FALSE. All caliculi can be seen in ultrasound however only radio-opaque caliculi can be visualised om radiography

35
Q

Which calculi are visible on radiography?

A

Struvite
Oxalate

36
Q

Which calculi are not visible on radiographs?

A

Purines

37
Q

What are the key signs of renal calculi on ultrasound?

A

Focal hyperechoic areas with acoustic shadowing in the renal pelvis

38
Q

What should you do if you identify renal caliculi on ultrasound?

A

If you identify renal caliculi on ultrasound you should assess the ureters for evidence of caliculi which could cause obstruction

39
Q

What are the key signs of renal cysts on ultrasound?

A

Well defined, anechoic mass with distal acoustic enhancement

40
Q

What is distal acoustic enhancement?

A

Distal acoustic enhancement refers to the hyperechoic area distal to structures that are excellent transmitters of sound waves, such as fluid

41
Q

What are the general causes of renal cysts?

A

Congenital cysts
Chronic inflammation
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

42
Q

What are the key signs of renal abscesses on ultrasound?

A

Anechoic to heterogenous mass with irregular margins
Heterogenous, hyperechoic surrounding reactive fat

43
Q

What is the normal appearance of the bladder on ultrasound?

A

Anechoic contents
Bladder wall which can vary in thickness depending on how full the bladder is

44
Q

Which factors should you assess when assessing the bladder on diagnostic imaging?

A

Location
Size
Shape
Margins
Internal contents

45
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for changes in the bladder wall on diagnostic imaging?

A

Cystitis
Mass
Bladder rupture

46
Q

What are the key signs of cystitis on ultrasound?

A

Increased bladdder wall thickness when the bladder is full (as when it is empty the wall will appear thicker even if there is no pathology)

47
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for a bladder mass?

A

Neoplasia
Inflammatory polyps

48
Q

What are the key differences between bladder neoplasia and inflammatory polyps on ultrasound?

A

Inflammatory polyps are more likely to extend into the lumen and are not going to alter the adjacent urinary bladder wall whereas neoplasia is more likely to cause a loss of layering of the bladder wall and have hyperechoic reactive fat around the bladder wall and possibly enlarged lymph nodes

49
Q

Which neoplasm is indicated by heterogenous hyperechoic fat around the bladder wall?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

50
Q

What further investigation should you do if you suspect bladder neoplasia?

A

Further diagnostic imaging (radiography and CT)
Fine needle aspirate (FNA)
Biopsy

51
Q

What is a potential signs of bladder rupture on ultrasound?

A

Bladder wall thickening
Anechoic fluid outside the bladder

52
Q

How do you gain a definitive diagnosis for a ruptured bladder?

A

Retrograde urethral cystography with extravasation of the contrast and loss of serosal detail due to free fluid in the abdomen

53
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for changes in the bladder contents on diagnostic imaging?

A

Bladder caliculi/sediment
Emphysematous cystitis
Cellular debris

54
Q

What are the key signs of bladder caliculi/sediment on ultrasound?

A

Hyperechoic lines with acoustic shadowing

55
Q

How do you differentiate between iatrogenic gas in the bladder from emphysematous cystitis?

A

Gas can be introduced into the bladder iatrogenically via urinary catheter placement or enema however this gas will typically sit in the centre of the bladder. With emphysematous cystitis, small gas bubbles tend to adhere to the bladder wall

56
Q

What can be indicated by heterogenous, mobile content within the bladder on ultrasound?

A

Concentrated urine
Haemorrhage
Mucus
Blood clot

57
Q

How do you locate the prostate on ultrasound?

A

To locate the prostate on ultrasound, follow the urethra from the bladder and you should be able to identify the urethra

58
Q

How does the prostate appear on ultrasound?

A

Biloped structure
Echogenicity similar to the spleen
Hyperechoic capsule

59
Q

How does the appearance of the prostate differ in castrated animals on ultrasound?

A

The prostate will appear smaller on ultrasound in castrated males

60
Q

Which factors should you assess when assessing the prostate on diagnostic imaging?

A

Location
Size
Shape
Margins
Echogenicity
Echotexture

61
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for parenchymal changes in the prostate on diagnostic imaging?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatitis
Neoplasia

62
Q

Which signalement typically presents with benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Entire male dogs

63
Q

What are the key signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia on ultrasound?

A

Enlarged prostate
Homogenous and hyperechoic parenchyma
± Prostatic cysts

64
Q

What are the key signs of acute prostatitis on ultrasound?

A

Hypoechoic, heterogenous parenchyma
Surrounding hyperechoic, reactive fat

65
Q

What are the key signs of chronic prostatitis on ultrasound?

A

Hyperechoic, heterogenous parenchyma
Surrounding hyperechoic, reactive fat

66
Q

What are the key signs of prostatic neoplasia on ultrasound?

A

Heterogenous parenchyma
Irregular margins of the prostate
Surrounding hyperechoic, reactive fat
Enlarged lymph nodes

67
Q

What further investigtion should you do if you suspect prostatic neoplasia on ultrasound?

A

Further diagnostic imaging (e.g. radiography and CT)
Fine needle aspirate (FNA)
Biopsy

68
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for fluid filled lesions on the prostate on diagnostic imaging?

A

Prostatic cyst
Prostatic abscess
Paraprostatic cyst

69
Q

What are key signs of prostatic cysts on ultrasound?

A

Well defined, anechoic mass with distal acoustic enhancement

70
Q

What are key signs of prostatic abscesses on ultrasound?

A

Anechoic to heterogenous mass with irregular margins
Heterogenous, hyperechoic surrounding reactive fat

71
Q

Identify this pathology on ultrasound

A

Paraprostatic cyst

72
Q

Identify this pathology on radiography

A

Paraprostatic cyst

MODULE 17 - Urinary, Endocrine and Oncological Disease (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions