Imaging

Question 1

What cause geometric distortions on a radiograph?

Answer 1

If the structure is not truly parallel to the film/detector
Structure towards the edge of the coli mated area

Reduce by GA, careful positioning and tight collimation

Question 2

Mac line

Answer 2

Artifactual radiolucenct line

Question 3

Pink camels collect extra large apples

Answer 3

Positioning
Collimation
Contrast 
Exposure
Labelling
Artefacts

Question 4

What 5 thing should you describe on a radiographic lesion?

Answer 4

Number
Size
Shape
Location
Opacity

Question 5

What should you assess on the soft tissues of a radiograph?

Answer 5

Swelling

Loss

Question 6

What should assess on bones on a radiograph?

Answer 6

Alignment, shape, length
Periosteal reaction
Cortical lysis
Defects
Endosteal / medullary changes
Physes

Question 7

What should you evaluate in the joints on a radiograph?

Answer 7

Swelling / effusion
Subcontractors bone
Peri-articular changes

Question 8

How much mineral loss is required to see a decrease in bone density on a radiograph and how long does this take to show?

Answer 8

30-60% mineral loss

Takes 7 days to show

Question 9

What causes a localised reduction in bone opacity?

Answer 9

Neoplasia
Osteomyelitis
Bone cyst

Question 10

What are the names of areas of focal bone lysis from least aggressive to most aggressive?

Answer 10

Geographic
Moth-eaten
Permeative

Question 11

What are the descriptions of periosteal reaction from benign to aggressive?

Answer 11

Smooth
Rough
Brush border 
Pallisading
Spicular
Sun burst 
Amorphous

Question 12

What are the radiographic signs of an aggressive bone lesion?

Answer 12

Long zone of transition
Active periosteal reaction
Destruction of the bone cortex
Soft tissue swelling

Question 13

How can you categorise a lesion according to its distribution?

Answer 13

Monostotic
Polostotic 
Focal
Generalised 
Symmetrical 
Asymmetrical

Question 14

What should you assess in joints?

Answer 14

Soft tissue swelling
Joint space / width
Subchondral bone opacity
Osteophyte / enthesiophyte
Peri-articular mineralisation

Question 15

What lesions will produce sub-chondral bone defects?

Answer 15

Osteochondrosis 
Aseptic necrosis (femoral head) 
Septic arthritis 
Erosive arthritis (carpus / tarsus)
Soft tissue neoplasia
Trauma / avulsions
Osseous cyst like lesions
Very severe osteoarthritis

Question 16

What should you look for in periarticular bone?

Answer 16

Enthesiophyte (ligaments)
Osteophytes (joint capsule) 
Synovial osteochondroma (cats)

Question 17

How can you assess stifle joint effusion?

Answer 17

Bulging of the caudal facial plane of the stifle
Cranial displacement of the infra-patella fat pad
soft tissue / fluid radiopacity in the joint space

Question 18

What are the radiographic changes seen in osteoarthritis?

Answer 18

Soft tissue swelling / effusion 
Peri-articular new bone formation
- osteophytes
- enthesiophytes
Reduced joint space 
Subchondral bone sclerosis
Subchondral bone destruction

Question 19

What are the predilection sites of osteochondrosis?

Answer 19

Caudal aspect of the humeral head
Medial humeral condyle
Lateral femoral condyle
Medial trochlear ridge of the talus

Question 20

What are the predilection sites of osteosarcoma?

Answer 20

Away from the elbow
towards the knee

Proximal humerus
Distal radial and ulna
Distal femur
Proximal tibia

Question 21

What structures can you assess on ultrasound in the shoulder?

Answer 21

Biceps tendon and sheath

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles and tendons

Question 22

What structures should you evaluate by ultrasound in the tarsus?

Answer 22

Common calcanean tendon
Gastrocnemius
Superficial digital flexor tendon
Biceps femoris + gracillus + semitendinosus