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Cardiology > Imaging > Flashcards

Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Outline a standard positioning technique for radiographing the thorax.

A
  1. Use a straightening wedge underneath the thorax to straighten the sternum
  2. Always take on expiration
  3. Beware under GA atelectasis can occur due to lateral recumbency
  4. Perform two view orthogonal to each other - ie DV and lateral
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2
Q

How can increased body condition affect thoracic radiographs?

A
  • Wide mediastinum
  • Increased opacity of the lungs
  • Fat elevation of the heart (ventral)
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3
Q

What effect does the phase of respiration have on thoracic radiographs?

A

Inspiration causes the lungs to look larger and less opaque and the heart to relatively smaller

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4
Q

What factors can affect the appearance of a thoracic radiograph?

A
  1. Side of recumbency
  2. Phase of respiration
  3. BCS
  4. Species
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5
Q

What disease processes can lead to increased throacic opacity under radiograph?

A
  1. Lungs: Pneumonia (+distribution)
  2. Mediasteinum: Mediasteinal masses
  3. Pleural space: Pyothorax
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6
Q

What is meant by border effacement?

A

Two structures of the same radiographic opacity touching each other.

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7
Q

Outline the radiographic findings associated with a pleural effusion.

A
  • Border effacement of heart and diaphragm
  • Pleural fissures
  • Retraction of lung margins from chest wall
  • FLUID!
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8
Q

Describe the radiographic findings shown here.

What condition is associated with such findings?

A
  • Raised cardiac shadow
  • Lung atelectasis
  • Retraction of the lung from thoracic margins
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9
Q

Which structures are found within the mediasteinum?

A
  • Trachea
  • Oesophagus
  • Heart and great vessels
  • Lymph nodes
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10
Q

Cranioventral mediasteinal masses can lead to what radiographic changes?

A
  • widened mediastinum
  • displacement of other cranio-ventral structures (trachea)
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11
Q

What factors can cause decreased opacity of the lungs on radiograph?

A
  • Increased gas
  • Decreased soft tissue/fluid
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12
Q

Name three conditions which can cause diffuse or focal decreases in radiographic lung opacity.

A
  1. Diffuse: hypovolaemia, hyperinflation, pneumothorax, subcut emphysema
  2. Focal: emphysema, thromboembolus, focal pneumothorax
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13
Q

What is a bronchial pattern?

What differentials are associated?

A

Increased opacity of the bronchial wall. Around hillus (not at periphery)

Differentials: Calcification, chronic bronchitis, peribronchial cuffing

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14
Q

Doughnuts and tramlines?

A

Bronchial pattern

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15
Q

What is an alveolar pattern?

Outline differentials for this finding.

A

Increased opacity in alveolus (air replaced with cells or fluid)

Differentials:

Diffuse: pneumonia, oedema, haemorrhage,

Focal: pneumonia, oedema, haemorrhage, tumours, atelectasis, infarct, lobar torsion

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16
Q

What is meant by a lobar sign?

A

A sharp line of demarcation between a lung lobe that is opaque (consolidated) and adjacent to one that is aerated.

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17
Q

What is an air bronchogram?

A

Alveoli have accumulated fluid and therefore only air filled bronchi are visible

18
Q

What is an interstitial pattern?

Outline differentials for this finding.

A

Increased fluid or cells within the interstitium of the lungs

Differentials: pneumionitis, metastasis, artefacts

19
Q

Cardiac shadow

A

The heart within the pericardium

20
Q

The cardiac shadow is more round in which side of lateral recumbency?

A

Left

21
Q

How do you calculate a vertebral heart score?

What is a normal value for a dog?

A

VHS = Long axis + short axis

The long and short axis are measured relative to the number of vertebrae they cover.

8.7-10

22
Q

Left sided heart disease can cause what radiographic signs?

A

Raising of the trachea

Widening (tenting) of the atria

Straightening of the caudal cardiac border

Bronchial compression caudal to carina

23
Q

What is the carina of the trachea?

A

The cartilage ridge at the trachea bifurcation (left of midline)

24
Q

Right sided heart disease can cause which radiographic changes?

A

Increased width of the cardiac shadow

Rounding of the cranial border

Increase R:L ratio

Increased sternal contact (beware obesity)

DV view shows a reverse D

25
Q

Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema leads to what radiographic changes?

A

Interstitial/ alveolar pattern

Vascular enlargement

Very cloudy lung tissue

Shows variable to diffuse distribution

26
Q

Mitral valve disease leads to what radiographic changes?

A

Left atrial enlargement

Pulmonary oedema

27
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy leads to what radiographic changes?

A

cardiomegaly, left atrial and right sided enlargement

28
Q

Pericardial disease leads to what radiographic changes?

A

Cardiomegaly

Rounding of the cardiac silohette

29
Q

Post-stenotic bulge

A

The main pulmonary artery shows an s-shaped bend on DV view

30
Q

PDA leads to which radiographic changed?

A

Left sided enlargement

Severe - right sided enlargement

31
Q

Echocardiography “home view”

A

Right parasternal

32
Q

Label this RPS echocardiograph

A

Left is the largest

33
Q

Describe the difference between a long and short axis echocardiograph.

A

Long axis is from base to apex, short axis is perpendicular to this.

34
Q

What is shown on an m-mode echocardiograph?

A

A motion-time graph of the echo relative to the ecg

35
Q

This echocardiograph was taken at which short axis level?

A

Papillary muscle

36
Q

This echocardiograph was taken at which short axis level?

A

Mitral valve

37
Q

This echocardiograph was taken at which short axis level?

Label

A

Aortic level

38
Q

This echocardiograph was taken at which short axis level?

A

Left ventricular apex

39
Q

Label diastole and systole on this echocardiograph.

A
  1. Sytole is the most narrow part of the echo
  2. Diastole is just before this
40
Q

What is fractional shortening?

How do we calculate it?

A

A measure of systolic function

FS% = (diastolic diameter - systolic diameter/ diastolic diameter) x 100%

41
Q

What is the difference between pulsed-wave and continuous-wave doppler?

A

Pulsed - Samples RBC velocity within the sample volume, spatially specific

Continuous - Samples all along the cursor line, peak velocity displayed, not spatially specific

42
Q

With a colour flow doppler what is shown with blue adn red wave forms?

A

Blue is away from the transducer

Red is towards the transducer

Green is caused by turbulence

Cardiology (7 decks)

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