Imaging Flashcards
Radiographic findings of:
scalloping of ventral lung borders,
fissure lines, obscuring of cardiac silhouette and diaphragm, retraction from chest wall
Pleural effusion
DV view helps to confirm presence
Repeat after drainage to look for lung dz that may have been missed
Think cardiac in cats, pyothorax, FIP, hypoalbuminemia, lung torsion, neoplasia, pancreatitis
Retraction of lungs from periphery surrounded by radiolucency
Increased opacity of pulmonary parenchyma - vascular lung markings not extending to periphery
Elevation of the cardiac silhouette
Pneumothorax
Usually bilateral and symmetrical
DV offers easiest diagnosis
Diffuse alveolar infiltrate differentials
ARDS
CHF
Fluid overload
Non-cardiogrenic pulmonary oedema (
Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (often bronchial thickening)
Coagulopathy
Diffuse infiltrative metastatic neoplasia
Severe pneumonia (bact or fungal)
Lobar sign - description and DDs
Seen when one lobe is affected by alveolar infiltrate and the adjacent lobe is not resulting in sharp demarcation.
Aspiration pneumonia
Lung lobe torsion
Atelectasis
Bronchopneumonia
Neoplasia
Increased opacity of the bronchial walls +/- increased thickness
+/- dilation of distal airways (cylindrical or saccular)
Bronchial disease - bronchiectasis causes dilation/tortuosity of distal airways can be cylindrical/saccular
Chronic bronchitis - cats or dogs
Chronic bronchopneumonia
Eosinophilic Bronchitis
Dynamic airway disease may cause thickening of bronchi
Parasitic lung disease (oslerus osleri, Filaroides)
DDx for ill defined increased in pulmonary opacity and effacement of vascular structures
Interstitial infiltrate can be diffuse or focal
Early pneumonia or viral dz
CHF or non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (neuro, post-obstruction, SIRS, pancreatitis, pneumonitis from aspiration injury)
Verminous pneumonia (larval migrans)
Causes of enlargement and increased tortuosity of normal pulmonary vasculature
Hypervascular changes
May be increased vein size -cardiac MMVD, myocardial dysfunction, left atrial obstruction
Increased pulmonary artery: HW, PTE, pulmonary hypertension
Both: R to L shunts, fluid overload
Right heart enlargement
Enlarged and tortuous peripheral pulmonary arteries
Mixed bronchointerstitial pulmonary infiltrate
Severe heartworm disease with secondary pulmonary hypertension likely
tortuous, blunted or dilated pulmonary arteries, bulge in region of pulmonary trunk or right sided cardiac enlargement
Indicators of pulmonary hypertension
CT findings of:
ground glass opacity with preservation of bronchial and vascular margins
tree in bud
mosaic attenuation
Indicative of interstitial disease
Mosaic attenuation indicates air trapping and is an indicator of fibrosis
What is EA ratio and when is it reduced
AKA transmitral flow
The E wave is the velocity of ventricular filling at start diastole (the fastest) and the A wave represents velocity with atrial contraction.
It is a measure of diastolic function
Normal E/A >1.5
But this decreases with diastolic failure (DCM, CHF, RCM)
Measures of myocardial function
LVIDd - end diastolic volume
LVIDs - end systolic volume
–> used to calculate fractional shortening
(25-45% in dogs, 30-50% cats)
EPSS (distance from max opening of mitral valve to IVS during start diastole) - normally <6mm in dog, <4mm cats. This INCREASES with DCM due to reduced active filling
Ejection fraction
Indications of CHF in MMVD on echo
LA:Ao >2
E/A >1.5
(<1.2 is unlikely)
