imagery and pain management - week nine Flashcards
interventions to reduce injury vulnerability
Davis (1991) found a 52%
reduction in injuries for swimmers
and a 33% reduction in injuries for
football players during the athletic
season in which they practiced
relaxation and imagery skills
Most impressive because the two
intervention programs targeted
athletes in general rather than
athletes at risk
biofeedback
a self-regulation technique in which auditory ‘ or
visual feedback provides information about
biological functions not usually available to a
person’s awareness (e.g., Schwartz, 1987)
* Commonly used measures include:
* Muscular activity, skin response, peripheral
temperature, respiration rate, heart rate
- physiology and eg (monitor) put it together, self-regulation technique and teach them how to use strategies to manage those type of feelings e.g., muscular tension biggest modality you can use various strategies to help it not interfere.
7 activity recall
2 mins rest
* 2 mins stress (stroop test)
* 2 mins rest
* 2 mins stress (math test)
* 2 mins rest
* 2 mins stress (stressful sport even recall)
* 2 mins rest
- how they respond when they’re in rest and how they respond when they’re stressed and we can measure the physiological measures like muscular activity, skin response, peripheral temp, respiration rate, heart rate
- Stressful sport moment they recall their selves
- 99% math test is the most stressful, but the data doesn’t show that the math test is the most stressful, it’s the third ‘test’ recalling a stressful sport moment.
- Athlete A at rest is strongly impacted by muscular tension
imagery and PTSD
- PTSD = post traumatic stress disorder which involves intrusive recollections of traumatic events which equals incomplete psychological recovery
- Treating PTSD in veterans
1. Less frequent nightmares because the sleep state it’s in the form of dreams and nightmares
2. Increased positive mood state
3. Improved sense of self
4. Better cognitive and emotional function
what are the six categories of pain management (hospital settings)
- external focus of attention
- pleasant imaginings
- neutral imaginings
- rhythmic cognitive activity
- pain acknowledge
- dramatized coping
external focus of attention
- General: listening to music, focusing on horizon
- Sport: Attending to environment cues that are
related to sport performance
pleasant imaginings
- General: Imaging relaxing on the beach
- Sport: Imaging the feeling of having performed a task well
neutral imaginings
- General: Thinking of a routine activity like
walking up the steps - Sport: Imagining calmly dressing before or after a competition
rhythmic cognitive activity
- General: Counting backward from 100
- Sport: Coordinating breathing with activity
pain acknowledge
- General: Imagining pain being moved away from an area of the body through circulation of the blood
- Sport: Imaging lactic acid build-up as inducing
numbness without pain
dramatized coping
- General: Seeing oneself in pursuit of a heroic task in which tolerance of pain is associated with personal triumph
- Sport: Imagining pain experience during rehabilitation as occurring in conjunction with outstanding athletic achievement
association and dissociation
Pain management techniques have been categorized as either (e.g., Morgan & Pollock, 1977)
- associative (focused on pain) or
- dissociative (focused away from pain)
Dissociative quality
- External focus of attention (nature..)
- Neutral imaginings
- Rhythmic cognitive activity or imagining
- Pleasant imaginings
- Most commonly used because of their diversity and easily learned
- Pleasant imaging is most efficacious
Associative quality
- Pain acknowledgement
- Dramatized coping
- Associative are most effective when part of a complex pain management strategy that integrates dissociate techniques as well.
- Therapists instructs the patient to repeatedly shift from an associative focus to a restful dissociative focus.
male vs females –> differences in coping (associative vs dissociative)
- High level performers
- Women tend to be dissociative (take the focus away from that pain)
- Men are more associate (focus on the pain or the area that is sore)
Imagery as a Coping Strategy in Patients
- Pre-operative psychological preparation for surgery
- Designed to reduce anxiety prior to surgery
- Increases patients’ feelings of being able to cope with
surgical stress - Other reported benefits include reduced medication and shorter post-operative stay
imagery as a coping strategy for patients pt.2
imagery influenced patients’ subjective and hormonal
responses to abdominal surgery
* Imagery patients:
– Less post-operative pain
– Better coping
– Requested less analgesia
– Lower levels of cortisol
imagery as a way to control anxiety pre-operation has shown that insurance companies were saving money since there is less money post operation and shorter hospital stays.
guided imagery during labour and delivery
- Guided imagery is a relaxation technique that focuses on creating harmony between your mind and your body in order to ease stress and enhance well-being. Many women use guided imagery during childbirth to help them feel relaxed, comfortable, and able to handle labor and delivery
- There are many benefits of guided imagery for example it can:
- Reduce stress, anxiety, and tension
- Decrease pain
- Lower blood pressure
- Improve oxygenation throughout your body (and your baby’s body)
Imagery in Hypnobirthing
- Assisting in natural birth
- Reduction in pain
hypnobirthing myths
- Has nothing to do with a pocket watch or a shady stage show
- Hynopsis is a form of mind control or brainwashing
- Hypnosis puts you in a deep sleep
- A person whos been hypnotized has no free will
- You cant perform usual tasks and functions if you’re hypnotized
- You’re unaware of whats going on around you when you’re hypnotized
Imagery as a way to control anxiety pre- operation
- Pre-operative psychological preparation for surgery
- Designed to reduce anxiety prior to surgery
- Increases patients’ feelings of being able to cope with surgical stress
- Other reported benefits include reduced medication and shorter post-operative stay
- Qualitative and quantitative are important
imagery as a way to control anxiety pre-operation has shown that insurance companies were saving money since there is less money post operation and shorter hospital stays.
True or false: imagery can be used as way not only to reduce pain but also to reduce injury susceptibility
TRUE
How is imagery associated with biofeedback technique?
Which pain coping technique is considered the most efficacious?
pleasant imaginings
