Imagery Flashcards
Kosslyn et al., 1990 describes imagery as?
Imagery involves actual representations of object in brain. Mental imagery is like perceiving, but in the absence of the appropriate external stimulus and can occur in any sense mode.
Jeannerod 1994 describes motor imagery as?
Motor imagery rehearse the mental representation of an overt action without concomitant movement.
Define Kinesthetic motor imagery.
When imagine motor movement - generate motor command. Includes proprioception the proprioceptors are sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length, and muscle tension, which is integrated to give information about the position of the limb in space.
In the graph from the study by Cooper and Shepard (1975), how did the number of degrees the hand images were rotated away from zero effect the speed at which individuals were able to identify if it was a left or right hand?
180 degree rotation led to the slowest reaction time. The greater the rotation, the longer it took to tell. The less it was rotated the more quickly they could tell if it was the left or right hand.
This shows that when you carry out mental rotations, you are looking at the hand and rotating it in your mind. The longer it took - the longer it took to rotate back to the correct position.
Define visual imagery
Involves visually perceiving but in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
Define motor imagery,
Motor imagery requires the mental representation of an overt action (visual or kinaesthetic) without concomitant movement.
Define kinaesthetic imagery.
Imagine what it feels like to engage in the task. No actual proprioceptive consequence but rather a prediction of expected feeling/sensory feedback.
Brain generates motor command - sent down spine.
Imagine movement - generate motor command - motor command does not generate any sensory movement - no sensory proprioceptive consequence but an efference copy is still generated - predict sensory consequences of this. Then generate feeling of the movement.
What is implicit imagery?
You do not intentionally use motor image, but you use it to solve a problem. e.g. the hand rotation task. When we did it we did not explicitly think we were going to imagine what my hand is doing.
What is Explicit imagery?
You intentionally engage in imagery task.
Describe Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. What does it tell us about imagery?
TMS involves the generation of a magnetic field when a figure-of-eight coil of copper wire is placed over area of the head (e.g. motor cortex). Depolarization of neurons cause action potentials to be sent down cortical motor pathways stimulating a twitch in specific muscle. Motor evoked potentials (MEP) can then be recorded. The greater the excitation of brain area, the greater the muscle movement leading to larger amplitude recorded using electromyography (EMG). During imagery that involves movement, the same EMGs are recorded as during associated actual muscle movement. When no muscle movement occurs or no movement of a specific muscle is imagined there are no EMGs are recorded. This tells us that there is temporal and spatial modulation of specific brain areas during activation/inactivation using imagery or physical movement. Motor imagery and actual movement therefore share similar mechanisms.
What is the evidence that proprioception consequences are felt during imagery.
Timing e.g. walking time, walking longer distances takes a longer period of time (walking twice as far) - or getting to image going through narrow gap vs. wide - speed accuracy trade off.
Autonomic nervous system: get to image carrying heavy weight or when get people to image running for example can show measurable changes in heart rate. (skin conductance and heart rate.)
Brain areas activated.
Modulation of primary motor cortex excitability.
Describe the study conducted by stinear et al., 2006
Got people to move thumb up and down in time with metronome, clicking at about one hertz.
- Imagine seeing themselves doing it (VMI)
- Imagine static imagine (VSI) e.g. imagine front of house - control group
- Resting
- Imagine the feel of tapping away. (KMI)
Results:
Why is rest or sleep important for gaining the benefits of imagery?
Both motor and visual imagery can improve learning of a task.
During rest and sleep consolidation occurs - reinforcement of learning of task.
How might different athletes in different settings use imagery in different ways (motivation vs. cognitive)?
Motivation - specific (refers to the end point e.g. holding up a cup.) motivational drive to get there.
Motivation - general refers to mastery or arousal.
Arousal refers to managing anxiety - focusing on a particular situation and thinking about how you are going to deal with it.
Mastery - maintaining focus throughout the game.
Cognitive specific refers to rehearsal e.g. motor imagery - imagining the task over and over to try to improve performance.
Cognitive general - strategies e.g. what shot are you going to play.
LPC 3- What are the 5 W’s recommended by Williams, Cooley, Newell, Weibull, & Cumming (2013) for developing an imagery script? Describe them.
Who - will use the script
Where
When - will the script be used.
Why - is the script being used.
What - will be imagined.
