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ILA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the proton pump with regard to ion exchange across the cell membrane?

A

K+ into cell, H+ out of cell

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2
Q

How do NSAIDs irritate the stomach?

A

Inhibition of gastrointestinal mucosal cyclo-oxygenase (COX) activity. COX-1 inhibition prevents production of gastro-protective prostaglandins.

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3
Q

What do chief cells secrete in the stomach?
What is the function of these?

What stimulates release?

A

Pepsinogen, gastric lipase
Protein and fat digestion

Acetyl choline, acid secretion

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4
Q

What substances are secreted by mucous (neck) cells in the stomach?
What are the functions of these secretions?

What stimulates secretion?

A

Mucus and bicarbonate
Mucus- physical barrier
Bicarbonate - buffers gastric acid to prevent damage to epithelium

Tonic secretion (bicarbonate secreted alongside mucus)

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5
Q

What substances are secreted by enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the stomach?
What are the functions of these secretions?

What stimulates secretion?

A

Histamine
Stimulates gastric acid secretion

Acetylcholine, gastrin

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6
Q

What substances are secreted by D cells in the stomach?
What are the functions of these secretions?

What stimulates secretion?

A

Somatostatin
Inhibits gastric acid secretion

Acid in the stomach (citric or gastric etc.)

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7
Q

What substances are secreted by G cells in the stomach?
What are the functions of these secretions?

What stimulates secretion?

A

Gastrin
Stimulates gastric acid secretion

Acetylcholine, peptides, amino acids

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8
Q

What substances are secreted by parietal cells in the stomach?
What are the functions of these secretions?

What stimulates secretion?

A

Gastric acid and intrinsic factor
HCl - activates pepsin, kills bacteria
IF - complexes with vitamin B12 to allow absorption

Acetylcholine, gastrin, histamine

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9
Q

Pancreas, gallbladder, proximal 2 parts of the duodenum and lower third of the oesophagus.
Are they from the same or different parts of the gut?
Which parts are they from?

A

Same
Foregut

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10
Q

What are the derivatives of the foregut? [8]

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum (proximal half)
Liver
Biliary apparatus
Pancreas

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11
Q

What substance is secreted by D cells?

A

somatostatin

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12
Q

What is secreted by G cells?

A

gastrin

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13
Q

What is the first location that fat is acted upon by lipase enzymes when passing through the GI tract?

A

Oral cavity

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14
Q

What are the different histamine receptors?

Which are the only ones we really know about, so the only ones you need to know?

A

H1 H2 H3 H4

H1 and H2

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15
Q

H1 histamine receptors:
Where are they found?
(What type of receptor are they?)
What is their effect?
When are they inhibited for treatment?

A

Throughout body - specifically smooth muscles, vascular endothelial cells, heart and CNS
(G-protein coupled receptors)

Increase in vascular permeability at sites of inflammation induced by histamine

Allergies, nausea, sleep disorders

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16
Q

H2 histamine receptors:
Where are they found?
(What type of receptor are they?)
What is their effect?
When are they inhibited for treatment?

A

Mainly gastric parietal cells but other places too
(G-protein coupled receptors)

Increases the release of gastric acid

Stomach ulcers

17
Q

What is the mechanism of Omeprazole on the GI tract?

A

Inhibition of proton pump to reduce acid secretion

18
Q

How many layers of muscle are present in the stomach wall?

A

3
Longitudinal layer (most superficial)
Circular layer
Oblique layer (deepest)

19
Q

Which branch of the aorta supplies the jejunum?

A

superior mesenteric artery

20
Q

What is the change in cell-type (‘metaplasia’) seen in the lower oesophagus in gastro-oesophageal reflux over time?

A

stratified squamous to columnar

21
Q

Which nerve that is part of the parasympathetic system and causes release of ACh onto parietal cells?

A

the Vagus nerve

22
Q

What does the common bile duct drain into?

A

dudenum

23
Q

What structures are present in the porta hepatis? [6]

A

hepatic branch of vagus nerve, L/R hepatic arteries, L/R hepatic ducts, portal vein also sympathetic nerves and lymphatics

24
Q

What substance is secreted by Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells?

A

histamine

25
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

A

It binds with Vit B12 and forms a complex that resists digestion by gastric enzymes.

Allows absorption of Vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum

GI (11 decks)

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