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ILA MCQ QUESTIONS > ILA 11: Osteoporosis > Flashcards

ILA 11: Osteoporosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is hydroxyapatite made of?

  1. ) Calcium and phosphate
  2. ) Osteoid
  3. ) Proteoglycans
  4. ) Type 1 collagen
  5. ) Type 3 collagen
A

Calcium and phosphate

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2
Q

What is the chemical formula of hydroxyapatite

A

Ca5(PO4)3(OH)

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3
Q

What % of bone weight does hydroxyapatite comprise of?

A

70%

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT a cell type present in bone?

  1. ) Macrophage
  2. ) Osteoblast
  3. ) Osteoclast
  4. ) Osteocyte
  5. ) Osteoid
A

Osteoid: this is the unmineralised organic component of bone

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5
Q

Where are macrophages in the bone?

A

Osteal Macrophages. In bone marrow

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6
Q

Which cell type is involved in the resorption of bone during the remodelling process?

  1. ) Macrophage
  2. ) Osteoblast
  3. ) Osteoclast
  4. ) Osteocyte
  5. ) Osteoid
A

3.) Osteoclast

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7
Q

Which cell type is involved in secreting the osteoid matrix?

  1. ) Macrophage
  2. ) Osteoblast
  3. ) Osteoclast
  4. ) Osteocyte
  5. ) Osteoid
A

2.) Osteoblast

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8
Q

Which cell type is responsible for attacking bacteria and tumour cells

  1. ) Macrophage
  2. ) Osteoblast
  3. ) Osteoclast
  4. ) Osteocyte
  5. ) Osteoid
A

1.) Macrophages (type of WBC)

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9
Q

Which cell type is formed when an osteoblast becomes encased in calcium hydroxyapatite?

  1. ) Macrophage
  2. ) Osteoblast
  3. ) Osteoclast
  4. ) Osteocyte
  5. ) Osteoid
A

4.) Osteocyte

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10
Q

The action of parathyroid hormone results in what changes to urinary calcium and phosphate levels?

  1. ) Urinary calcium decreases and urinary phosphate decreases
  2. ) Urinary calcium decreases and urinary phosphate increases
  3. ) Urinary calcium increases and urinary phosphate increases
  4. ) Urinary calcium unchanged and urinary phosphate unchanged
A

3.) Urinary calcium increases and urinary phosphate increases

Why:

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11
Q

Which of the following stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone?

  1. ) Decreased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone
  2. ) Decreased plasma calcium levels
  3. ) Exposure to sunlight
  4. ) Increased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone
  5. ) Increased plasma calcium levels
A

2.) Decreased plasma calcium levels

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12
Q

Which hormone increases the rate of synthesis of the active form of vitamin D (1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol) in the kidneys?

  1. ) Aldosterone
  2. ) Calcitonin
  3. ) Growth hormone
  4. ) Parathyroid hormone
  5. ) Prolactin
A

4.) Parathyroid hormone

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13
Q

What condition stimulates parathyroid glands

A

Hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium)

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14
Q

What are the three organs PTH affects and how does it affect each organ?

A
  1. ) Bone: activates osteoclasts; calcium and phosphate ions are released into blood
  2. ) Intestine: increases calcium absorption from food
  3. ) Kidneys: promotes activation of vitamin D and increased calcium reabsorption
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15
Q

What of the following terms describes defective mineralisation of bone matrix in an adult?

  1. ) Osteogenesis imperfecta
  2. ) Osteomalacia
  3. ) Osteopenia
  4. ) Osteoporosis
  5. ) Rickets
A

2.) Osteomalacia

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16
Q

Which of the following terms describes a reduction in bone mass (greater than two standard deviations below the mean value for a young adult of the same sex) with normal mineralisation?

  1. ) Osteogenesis imperfecta
  2. ) Osteomalacia
  3. ) Osteopenia
  4. ) Osteoporosis
  5. ) Rickets
A

4.) Osteoporosis

17
Q

What is a condition that can result from vitamin D deficiency or phosphate depletion?

  1. ) Osteogenesis imperfecta
  2. ) Osteomalacia
  3. ) Osteopenia
  4. ) Osteoporosis
  5. ) Rickets
A

2.) Osteomalcia

18
Q

What is a genetic condition that results in bones that break easily?

  1. ) Osteogenesis imperfecta
  2. ) Osteomalacia
  3. ) Osteopenia
  4. ) Osteoporosis
  5. ) Rickets
A

1.) Osteogenesis imperfecta

19
Q

FRAX considers various risk factors in generating the 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture. What risk factor is not in the model?

  1. ) Current smoking status
  2. ) Current use of glucocorticoids
  3. ) Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
  4. ) Family history of parental hip fracture
  5. ) Regular exercise
A

5.) Regular exercise

20
Q

In osteoporosis what best describes the blood test results for the bone profile?

  1. ) Decreased calcium, decreased phosphate, decreased Alk Phos, decreased PTH
  2. ) Decreased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased Alk Phos, raised PTH
  3. ) Increased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased Alk Phos, increased PTH
  4. ) Normal calcium, normal phosphate, normal ALk Phos, normal PTH
  5. ) Normal calcium, normal phosphate, raised Alk Phos, normal PTH
A

4.) Normal calcium, normal phosphate, normal Alk Phos, normal PTH

Why: Osteoporosis is a condition of reduced bone matrix: reduced bone density

21
Q

In osteomalacia what best describes the blood test results for the bone profile?

  1. ) Decreased calcium, decreased phosphate, decreased Alk Phos, decreased PTH
  2. ) Decreased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased Alk Phos, raised PTH
  3. ) Increased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased Alk Phos, increased PTH
  4. ) Normal calcium, normal phosphate, normal ALk Phos, normal PTH
  5. ) Normal calcium, normal phosphate, raised Alk Phos, normal PTH
A

2.) Decreased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased Alk Phos, raised PTH

22
Q

What is the most common cause of osteomalacia?

A

Hypophosphataemia (low phosphate) due to hyperparathyroidism (raised PTH) secondary to Vit D deficiency

  • Vit D deficiency also reduces the intestinal absorption of calcium
  • Alk Phos is raised in 90%+ cases
23
Q

In Paget’s disease what best describes the blood test results for the bone profile?

  1. ) Decreased calcium, decreased phosphate, decreased Alk Phos, decreased PTH
  2. ) Decreased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased Alk Phos, raised PTH
  3. ) Increased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased Alk Phos, increased PTH
  4. ) Normal calcium, normal phosphate, normal ALk Phos, normal PTH
  5. ) Normal calcium, normal phosphate, raised Alk Phos, normal PTH
A

5.) Normal calcium, normal phosphate, raised Alk Phos, normal PTH

Facts about Pagets:

  • characterised by excessive + unorganised deposition + resorption of bone
  • Results in structurally weakened bone: has an abundance of cement lines (mosaic patterns)
  • Raised levels of alk Phos: reflects the increased bone turnover
24
Q

Where is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D formed?

  1. ) Bone
  2. ) Gut
  3. ) Kidney
  4. ) Liver
  5. ) Skin
A

3.) Kidney

25
Q
  1. ) Which of the following is NOT a late complication following bone fracture?
  2. ) Avascular necrosis
  3. ) Compartment syndrome
  4. ) Myositis ossificans
  5. ) Non-union
  6. ) Pressure sores
A

2.) Compartment syndrome

Why: It is an acute complication. Muscles are enclosed in fascial compartments with little room for expansion. So, if muscle swells then pressure in compartment rises which compromises blood flow to muscle

ILA MCQ QUESTIONS (11 decks)

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