Ijku Flashcards
What is the atomic mass of an atom?
The total number of protons and neutrons
What is the atomic number of an atom?
The number of protons in an atom
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element (Carbon) that have a different number of neutrons
There are more electrons than protons, the atom will have what kind of charge
Negative
There are more protons than electrons, the atom will have what kind of charge
Positive
The number of protons and electrons are equal, the atom will have what kind of charge
Neutral
What are valence electrons?
Located on the outer most shell of an atom
What is an ionic bond?
When an atom trades an electron in order to achieve stability.
What is a covalent bond?
When atoms share electrons in order to achieve stability
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and occupies space
What is mass?
The amount of matter in an object, measured in grams
What is volume?
The amount of space an object occupies and is measured in liters
What is density?
The mass of an object divided by the volume. It is measured in grams per liter.
What is condensation?
Gas changing to a liquid
What is evaporation?
A liquid changing to a gas
What is sublimation?
A solid changing to a gas
What is deposition?
A gas changing to a solid
What carries oxygenated blood from the heart?
Arteries
What carries deoxygenated blood to the heart?
Veins
What connects arteries, and veins?
Capillaries
What is the systole?
The contraction of the heart “lub”
What is diastole?
Relaxation of the heart “dub”
What is the blood flow of the heart?
Oxygenated blood is pumped through the arteries into the left atrium, down into the left ventricle, up to the aorta and out to the rest of the body. The blood will go through the capillaries, where the blood will become deoxygenated and travel through the veins into the right atrium, down into the right ventricle, and into the lungs, where the blood will become oxygenated
Functions of the cardiovascular system
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body
Removes carbon dioxide and waste
Maintains body’s blood pressure
Regulates body temperature
Maintains bodies pH
Transports hormones
What is the main site of digestion and absorption?
Small intestine
What does the hormone gastrin do?
Produced in the stomach to stimulate stomach acid
Chloecystokinin hormone does what?
Produced in small intestine and stimulates release of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver
Secretin hormones does what?
Produced in the small intestine and stimulates production of bicarbonate by the pancreas
Insulin hormones does what
Produced by the pancreas, and reduces blood sugar levels
The hormone glucagon does what
Produced in the pancreas, and helps release glucose from the liver
The hormone bile does what
Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, helps to break down fat in the small intestine
What is the central nervous system composed of?
The brain and the spinal cord. Central command center where all actions occur in the body.
What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?
Nerves that branch off from the spinal cord - this system sends signals by the brain to targeted locations
What does the cell body in a neuron do? 
Contain nucleus and organelle’s
What do dendrites of the neuron do?
Short branch link extensions that generate electrical impulses
What does the axon of a neuron do?
Long extension that transmits signals to other neurons
What is the myelin sheath do on a neuron?
Fatty coverage of the axon that helps send the signals quicker
What does sensory neurons do? (Afferent)
Send messages to the central nervous system
What do motor neurons do? (Efferent)
Send messages to the muscles - autonomic nervous system, such as heart rate and respiration & somatic nervous system, such as the movement of the skeletal
What is the electrical order of nerves to muscles?
The brain sends the electrical impulses to the spinal cord to the muscle through the muscle axon into the muscle nerve and the muscle fiber
What is the epididymis of the male reproductive system?
Long tube that stores and transports sperm
What are the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
Pair of saclike structures that produce a fluid that nourishes the sperm
What is the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?
Longton tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles
What does the follicle stimulating hormone do?
Stimulate growth of eggs in the ovary and control menstrual cycle
What does the luteinizing hormone do?
Trigger ovulation and the release of an egg from the ovary
What does the hormone testosterone do?
Produce sperm can develop male characteristics - sperm is constantly produced and matured
What does the hormone estrogen do?
Produced by ovaries to help develop female characteristics and regulate menstrual cycle
What is the outer most layer of skin that provides a waterproof barrier and protects the body from infection?
Epidermidis
What is the middle layer of skin that contains blood vessels and nerves hair follicles in sweat glands?
The dermis
What is the innermost layer of skin that consist of fat and connective tissue
Subcutaneous/hypodermis
What is the function of the integumentary system
Text skin from harmful substances, radiation
Regulate body temperature by producing sweat that evaporates and cools the body
Packed with nerves that allow us to feel touch, pressure, heat and cold
What do the blood vessels do when the body becomes too warm?
Dilate and sweat is produced
What do blood vessels do when the body becomes too cold?
Constrict and maintain heat
What is the master gland?
Pituitary gland
What does the thyroid gland do?
Produces thyroxine and calcitonin. This helps regulate metabolism, and calcium levels in the blood.
What does the parathyroid gland do you?
Produce parathyroid hormone that helps regulate calcium levels
What is the thymus gland do?
Produce thymosin, which helps develop immune system
What is the adrenal gland do?
Produces epinephrine which regulates fight or flight response
What does the pancreas do?
Produces insulin and glucagon that helps regulate blood sugar levels
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
Reproduction, growth and development, metabolism, hormones
What is an example of positive feedback?
Oxytocin being released during childbirth to amplify the change that needs to happen for childbirth to occur (stretch cervix)
What is a example of negative feedback
Insulin being released from the pancreas to bring high blood sugar back down (wanting to reverse the change that is occurring to the blood sugar levels)
What are the kidneys do?
Filter, blood and produce urine
What does the renal cortex do?
Outer layer of the kidney that contains blood vessels and renal pyramids.
What is the renal medulla?
Inner layer of the kidney that helps Concentrate urine
What do ureters do?
A pair of tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
What is the urethra?
Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
What are nephrons responsible for in the kidney
Removing waste and reabsorbing water
What is the site of filtration within the kidneys?
Glomerulus
What is the relationship between the cardiovascular in urinary system?
These systems work together to maintain homeostasis, cardiovascular transports blood to the kidneys to be filtered, the urinary system excrete waste to regulate blood pressure and control volume of blood, the kidneys produce a hormone that stimulates production of new red blood cells
What is the innate defense system?
The first line of defense against infections. This includes skin, mucus, enzymes and stomach acid.
What is the second line of defense toward infection? 
The adaptive response - includes lymphatic system, white blood cells, antibodies
What does histamines do?
Released during infection causing increase blood flow to the area and number of white blood cells called phagocytes to destroy unknown bacteria
What is one of the first responses of the first line of defense against infection?
Inflammatory response - blood vessels, dilate and white blood cells are sent to the area of infection
What are antigens
For an invader that the body has been exposed to inducing an immune response
What are antigen presenting cells?
White blood cells that engulf the foreign invader
What are helper T cells?
Type of white blood cell that helps activate other cells of the immune system - induce B cells to secrete large number of antibodies to bind the antigen 
What does cytotoxic T cells do?
White blood cell that destroys infected cells
What does cytokines do?
Chemicals that regulate the immune response and activate extra cytotoxic T cells
What are antibodies?
Proteins that attach to antigens and help destroy them
What are memory cells?
White blood cells that remember specific invaders, and help the body to respond more quickly next time
What is passive immunity?
When the body is exposed to antibodies that have been made by another individual - example: mother passes antibodies to child through breastmilk
What does active immunity?
When the body produces its own antibodies in response to an infection
What are long bones?
Humerus, femur, ulna, radius and fibula
What are short bones?
Carpals and tarsals
What are flat bones?
Ribs, sternum, shoulder blades, hip bones
What are irregular bones?
Spine and vertebrae
What is compact bone?
Outer layer of bone that provides protection and support
What is spongy bone?
Light weight bone found at the end of long bones and vertebrae
What is the biological order of the body
Chemicals - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organisms
What do chemicals do?
Help build cells
What are cells?
The basic unit of life
What are tissues?
Made up of cells that have similar structure and function
What are organs?
Made up of tissues that work together to carry out specific function
What are organ systems?
Group of organs that work together to carry out a specific function
What are organisms?
Made up of one or more organs
What does the cell membrane do?
Thin layer that surrounds the cell
What does the cytoplasm do?
Jelly like fluid that suspends and supports the cells within the membrane
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Packaging and transporting of molecules within the cell - processes proteins and lipid molecules
What do lysosomes do?
Aid in digestion, recycle old material and destroy invading bacteria
What does the mitochondria do?
Powerhouse of the cell that generates ATP energy
What does the nucleus do?
Contains the cells DNA - responsible for the cells growth and reproduction
What do ribosomes do?
Helps synthesize proteins
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
Helps packaging and transportation of molecules within the cell and helps proteins synthesis
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
Helps with the packaging and transportation of lipid molecules within the cell
What is the vacuole do?
Maintains the shape of the cell and stores food/water
What is the process of mitosis?
Interphase - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase
What happens in interphase of mitosis
The cell grows
What happens in prophase of mitosis?
Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down
What happens in metaphase of mitosis?
Chromosomes lineup in the middle of the cell
What happens in anaphase of mitosis?
The chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell - cell division begins
What happens in telophase of mitosis?
Nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes. Chromosomes become less visible. Cell divides into two daughter cells.
What is the process of meiosis?
Prophase 2 - metaphase 2 - anaphase 2 - telophase 2
What happens in meiosis prophase 2?
Daughter cells contain half of the chromosomes from the original cells
What happens in meiosis metaphase 2?
Chromosomes lineup in the middle of the cells
What happened to meiosis anaphase 2?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell
What happens in meiosis telophase 2?
Cells divide into four genetically diverse daughter cells
What are chromosomes
Long structures that are round in the nucleus of the cell
How many chromosomes are in every cell of the human body?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
What are genes?
Basic units of DNA responsible for characteristics of organism
What are structural genes
Responsible for the physical traits of an organism
What are regulatory genes
Control the activity of other genes
What is DNA?
Made up of two long chains of nucleotides that twist to create double helix.
What are the four bases of DNA nucleotides?
Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
What does adenine bond with?
Thymine
What does cytosine bond with?
Guanine
What is a codon?
Sequence of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid - there are a total of 64 possible codons
What is RNA
Translate the genetic code of DNA into proteins - single stranded.
In RNA what does adenine pair with
Uracil
What is transcription?
The process of making RNA from DNA
What is a messenger RNA
Carries genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What is the transfer RNA
Helps to assemble amino acids into proteins that act as adapters
What is ribosomal RNA
RNA that makes of ribosomes
What are macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What are lipids?
Fat, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids
What are the four groups of protein?
Enzymes, structural protein, storage protein, transport proteins
What are enzymes?
Catalyst that speed up reactions by lowering the energy required
What are bacteria?
Single celled microorganism that can cause diseases: meningitis, food poisoning
What are viruses?
Smaller than bacteria - only able to be seen under electron microscope. Flu, COVID-19, HIV
What are protozoans
Single celled found in water soil in air. Cause disease such as malaria
What are fungi?
Classified as eukaryotes. Some are helpful in the production of bread and cheese. Other fungi can cause disease such as ringworm or athletes foot.
What are infectious diseases
Spread from one person to another such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi
What are non-infectious diseases
Unable to be spread from person to person, such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes
What are vectors?
Living organisms that carry and transmit infection to humans or other animals. This would include mosquitoes ticks and fleas.
What do you use to measure length or distance?
Meter (m)
What do you use to measure mass?
Kilogram (kg)
What do you use to measure volume?
Liters (L)
What measurement tool would you use to measure length or distance?
Ruler, meter stick or tape measure
What measurement tool would you use to measure mass?
Balance
What measurement tool would you use to measure volume?
Graduated cylinder or volumetric pipette
To measure the mass of an object that is large you would use what
Kilograms instead of grams
To measure the mass of an object, that is very small you would use what
Milligrams
To measure the length of an object, that is very large you would use what
Kilometers or miles
To measure the length of an object, that is very small you would use what
Nanometers
What is the independent variable?
The variable that is being tested, and not affected by other variables
What is a controlled variable
A variable that is not being tested and is held constant
What are the steps of scientific method?
Identify problem
Gather information on the problem
Form a hypothesis
Designed experiment to test the hypothesis
Analyze data from the experiment to draw conclusion
Communicate results of experiment
What is scientific hypothesis?
Prediction of what may occur during an experiment based on previously gathered research
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Fight or flight response
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Rest and digest
What does the cerebellum control?
Coordination and balance - voluntary
What does the medulla oblongata control?
Mandatory functions of the bodies, such as breathing and heart rate
What does the frontal lobe control?
Voluntary movement - waving or lifting a glass to drink *Motor cortex
What does the parietal lobe control?
Perception and position *sensory
