II Counseling and Helping Relationships

Question 1

A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a 1 dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no reason apparent reason. This is an example of

a. displacement
b. denial
c. identification
d. a Type II (beta) error

Answer 1

a. displacement

Question 2

A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of ‘F’ in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as “straight-A students are eggheads.” This demonstrates

a. introjection
b. reaction formation
c. sour grapes rationalization (underrates a reward)
d. sweet lemon rationalization (overrates a reward)

Answer 2

c. sour grapes rationalization (underrates a reward)

Question 3

A master’s level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air-conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates

a. sour grapes rationalization
b. sweet lemon rationalization
c. repression
d. sublimation

Answer 3

b. sweet lemon rationalization

Question 4

A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by

a. denial
b. displacement of anger
c. sublimation
d. organ inferiority

Answer 4

a. denial

Question 5

______ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.

a. repression
b. sour grapes rationalization
c. projection
d. denial

Answer 5

c. projection

Question 6

Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is

a. reaction formation
b. introjection
c. projection
d. rationalization

Answer 6

a. reaction formation

Question 7

Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at least four hours daily and is taking doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is

a. reaction formation
b. compensation
c. projection
d. rationalization

Answer 7

b. compensation

Question 8

Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a homeless shelter. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually an social situation, Jane invariable responds with, “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.” Jane is engaging in

a. projection
b. displacement
c. introjection
d. identification

Answer 8

d. identification

Question 9

A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product

a. introjection
b. repression
c. rationalization
d. displacement

Answer 9

a. introjection

Question 10

The client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as

a. resistance
b. sublimation
c. projection
d. individuation

Answer 10

a. resistance

Question 11

Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that

a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo
b. he failed to emphasize sex
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint
d. he was pro-female

Answer 11

c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint

Question 12

The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to

a. help the therapist appear genuine
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors
d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood

Answer 12

c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors

Question 13

Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of

a. C.G. Jung’s analytical psychology
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology
c. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
d. Josef Breuer’s work on hysteria

Answer 13

b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology

Question 14

When a client becomes aware of a factor in their life that was heretofore unknown, the counselor refers to this as

a. individual psychology
b. confrontation
c. transference neurosis
d. insight

Answer 14

d. insight

Question 15

According to some theorists, three types of learning exist

1. reinforcement (operant conditioning)
2. association (classical conditioning)
3. insight

True or False

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and his dreams. He called them

a. mandalas
b. projective drawings
c. unconscious automatic writing
d. eidetic imagery

Answer 16

a. mandalas (Hindu writings in which the mandala was the symbol of meditation; also represents a protective circle that represents self-unification)

Question 17

_______ emphasized the drive for superiority.

a. Jung
b. Adler
c. Constructive therapists
d. Freud and Jung

Answer 17

b. Adler

Question 18

The statement “Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction” describes

a. Sigmund Freud’s theory
b. Alfred Adler’s theory
c. Insight
d. Carl Jung’s theory

Answer 18

b. Alfred Adler’s theory

Question 19

In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized

a. baseline measures
b. social factors
c. unconditional positive regard
d. insight

Answer 19

b. social factors

Question 20

The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with

a. psychoanalysis
b. Freud
c. Adler
d. Jung

Answer 20

d. Jung

Question 21

The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is associated with whom?

a. psychoanalysis
b. Sigmond
c. Alfred Adler
d. Carl G. Jung

Answer 21

d. Carl G. Jung

Question 22

One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs,

a. created the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
c. was a noted Freud hater
d. created the hierarchy of needs

Answer 22

b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

Question 23

Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as

a. superiority
b. social connectedness
c. the collective unconscious
d. animus

Answer 23

b. social connectedness

Question 24

Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox, created by Viktor Frankl. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to

a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of class
b. practice relaxation techniques for 10-20 minutes before the speech
c. practice rational self-talk
d. practice rational thinking

Answer 24

a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class

Question 25

C.J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as _______ and women to deny their masculine side known as _______.

a. Eros; Thanatos
b. animus; anima
c. anima; animus
d. yin; yang

Answer 25

d. yin; yang