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Bacteriology > II > Flashcards

II Flashcards

1
Q

stores all the information for the structures and functions of the cell

A

Dna

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2
Q

genetic information of bacteria is stored in the

A

chromosome and plasmid

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3
Q

carry genes that recombine with the recipient

A

mobile genetic elements such as plasmid

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4
Q

Antibiotic resistance gene is acquired through

A

HGT

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5
Q

linear sequences of DNA that carry coded information for the structure and function of an organism

A

gene

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6
Q

is typically circular, double stranded chain of nucleotides

A

chromosome

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7
Q

are extrachromosomal DNA molecules

A

plasmid

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8
Q

F or

A

Fertility plasmid

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9
Q

R or

A

Resistance plasmids

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10
Q

example of plasmids

A

fertility plasmid, resistance plasmids and virulence plasmids

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11
Q

are extrachromosomal DNA molecules

A

transposons

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12
Q

READ

A

Typically, these other genes are for toxin production or R genes conferring resistance to antibiotics, such as tetracycline, chloramphenicol, or ampicillin. Transposon can move R genes from one plasmid to another or to bacterial genes.

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13
Q

associated from molecules that are required for a bacterium to cause disease

A

Virulence factor

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14
Q

Cluster of virulence genes. Encode variety of virulence factors such as toxins, superantigens, adhesins, iron uptake systems, secretion systems III and IV, and many effectors that modulate behavior of host cells.

A

Pathogenicity islands

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15
Q

sequences of DNA that can move both within and between genomes.

A

MGEs

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16
Q

Horizontal gene transfer typically occurs via

A

MGEs

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17
Q

examples of MGEs

A

Plasmids, transposon54s, prophages, insertion sequences

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18
Q

Change in nucleotide sequence of a gene

A

mutation

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19
Q

Base substitutions or point mutations producing

A

silent, mis-sense and nonsense mutation

20
Q

code for the same amino acid

A

silent mutation

21
Q

code for a different amino acid

A

missense mutation

22
Q

: code for a stop amino acid

A

nonsense mutation

23
Q

forms of mutatios observed in bacteria

A
  1. Base substitutions or point mutations
  2. Microinsertions and microdeletions of base pairs
  3. Reversions
  4. Deletions of multiple base pairs
  5. Insertions during recombination
  6. Translocation
  7. Inversions
24
Q

transfer of bacterial genes on their same generation

A

HGT

25
Q

Genes encoding resistance to antibiotics, detergents or heavy metals, catabolic enzymes for rare substrates such as citrate, and plant or animal virulence factors may be transferred

A

by MGEs through HGT mechanisms.

26
Q

requires direct contact through the conjugative (sex) plasmid of the donor and recipient cells

A
27
Q

It transfers much larger quantities of DNA (occasionally whole chromosomes).

A
28
Q

DNA acquired either the original bacterial chromosome or plasmid in a previously infected bacterial cell is incorporated into bacteriophage nuclei acid and transferred by progeny of the phage to susceptible recipient cells.

A
29
Q

viruses that infect bacteria.

A
30
Q

only genes near the attachment site of the phage on the chromosome of host cell are involved

A

Specialized transduction

31
Q

2 forms of transduction

A

Generalized
Specialized

32
Q

virtually any gene (genetic marker) of the host bacterium can be transferred

A

Generalized transduction

33
Q

Involves the transfer of free or naked DNA containing genes on a segment of chromosomal or plasmid DNA from a lysed donor bacterium to a competent recipient

A

Transformation

34
Q

ability of the bacterium to take up free DNA

A

Competence

35
Q

released into the medium from the recipient which facilitates the entry of DNA

A

Competence factor

36
Q

T or F. Not all bacteria can be transformed because some could not become competent.

A

True

37
Q

Virulence factor of Bacillus antracis

A

Capsule, toxins/ plasmid

38
Q

Virulence factor of Clostridium botulinum

A

Neurotoxins/bacteriophages

39
Q

E. coli

A

Shiga-like toxin/bacteriophage adherence factor
Enterotoxins/plasmids
Heat-stable toxin, siderophore production/transposons

40
Q

Virulence factor of Salmonella Dublin

A

Serum resistance factor/plasmid

41
Q

Virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus

A

Enterotoxins (A,D,E),toxic shock syndrome factor I/ bacteriophages
Coagulase,exfoliatin toxin, enterotoxins/ plasmids

42
Q

Virulence factor of Yersinia pestis

A

Coagulase, fibrinolysin/ plasmid

43
Q

usually affects bacterial ribosomes
-mutation alters DNA such that the protein produced or target is modified. The antimicrobial agent can no longer bind to target

A

Alteration of targets

44
Q

Example of alteration of target

A

resistance to erythromycin, rifamycin, and antimetabolites has developed by this mechanism

45
Q

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A
  1. Alteration of target
  2. Alteration of membrane permeability
  3. Development of enzymes
  4. Alteration of enzymes
  5. Alteration of metabolic pathways
  6. Elimination of antibiotics through membrane-bound efflux pumps

Bacteriology (4 decks)

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