IH Flashcards
Who created the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
What is the first layer in the hierarchy of needs called?
Physiological needs
What are the 2 main layers in the hierarchy of needs called
Physiological and Safety needs
What things are the physiological needs
Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
What things are the safety needs?
Personal security, resources, employment, health, property
What are the love and belonging needs?
Friendship, intimacy, family, connection
What are the self-actualisation needs?
desire to become the most a person can be
humans need a sense of _____
belonging
choose the correct option:
Identity is a
1. moral science
2. social construct
- social construct
Why do humans move from ‘I’ to ‘Us’
For need and survival
What changes when we move from ‘I’ to ‘Us’ and vice versa
There is a change in the identity of the person as well as the collective responsibility the person owns
How can humans survive alone?
Humans need to survive till a particular age to gain experience and skills to survive alone,
for example, a little child won’t be able to survive alone as he will always be dependent on his parents and family for survival
Who was Emile durkheim?
David Emile Durkheim was a French philosopher and scholar born on April 15th 1858. He is considered one of the main principals of sociology alongside Karl Marx, and Max Webber. Durkheim transformed our understanding of society using his theory of sociology. He traced the evolution of society from traditional to modern, emphasising the division of labour. He linked society to a living body where each system functions with each other to survive. His work focused on social order, unity and anomie (lack of social and ethical standards).
Despite personal setbacks like comments on his identity and the loss of his son, his legacy continues today
Who was Karl Marx?
Karl Henrich Marx was a German philosopher and economist who was born on May 5th 1818. He developed the theory of Marxism as well as various other social, economic and political theories. He is considered one of the 3 principal architects alongside Emile Durkheim and Max Weber
What is population density
Number of people living in an area
Is the Morality rate worse or better now than before?
way better
Why will population size grow?
they know how to survive and can adapt to their surroundings
Proper living conditions result in
Advancement in different fields
Give one example where people adapted to their surroundings to survive
Hong Kong
The land space there is very low but it also has a relatively high population. Hence to accommodate all of the people, instead of expanding their homes horizontally, they built upwards. That is one of the main reasons why Hong Kong has some of the biggest high-rise buildings in the world.
Why does population density go down
- Abortion or a lower need for reproduction
- Diseases or virus outbreaks causing a massive amount of deaths (COVID-19)
- Older population - cant reproduce
- Famine, droughts or other natural disasters
- Poverty or poor quality of Life
- Wras and man-made conflicts
What are the building blocks of a society?
Population density and Technological advancements
What is the moral density?
Ways and to what extent people interact with each other
How is population density interconnected with moral density and society?
Population density is interconnected with moral density and society through the dynamics of how people get along, compete for resources, and share their values
What are the 2 different types of societies according to Durkheim?
Mechanical solidarity
Organic solidarity
Mechanical solidarity
Smaller and simpler society and mainly emotion-based
Pre-modern society
Easier to delegate tasks and share resources as everyone has one common goal to survive
Everyone has the same skillset
Simpler requirements
Eg - Our hunter ancestors who hunted, gathered and moved from place to place
Organic Solidarity
Modern and larger type of society
more complex
higher requirements (upper level of Maslow’s pyramid)
More luxurious
Basic needs didn’t change, instead, we added more requirements on top of it
More practical and professional as everyone has different skills
4 economic systems
- Primitive Communism
- Slavery
- Feudalism
- Capitalism
- Communism
What does the economic system do?
Divide labour and resources in an organic solidarity
Less people, more resources = which type of society
pre-modern society
Slave driven society
the economy is dependent on slaves
as you move across history, there are fewer slave-driven societies
slave-owning society
People own slaves but they are independent
the economy is not based on slaves
found in recent history
Feudalism
Prominent in Europe, this system of production was based on hereditary rule and land ownership
Monarchs had a lot of power and would distribute some of it (slaves and peasants) to their lords and vassals in exchange for military
Lords would give some power (shelter food and protection) to the knights in exchange for military
Knights would give some power (shelter and land) to the peasants and serfs for farming and rent
The church was a separate body which also held a lot of power
Eg - Roman empire
Capitalism
Employed throughout most of the world today
Ownership is based on capital rather than slaves or land
Capitalists (businessmen) use capital to hire workers to turn raw materials into something that can be used or something that can be traded, something that can be sold
Everything is based on profit and gain
Who were investors
Investors (owners of capital) use their money to invest in profitable businesses to gain profit
Problems of capitalism
- Inequality
- Economic Instability\
- Monopoly power
- Environmental damage
- Immobility (difficult for people to change their situation, eg - a labourer cant be a businessman)
Slavery
- Oppressive system
- slaves were separated from their family
- Slaves had nothing except the things their master gave them, these things could also be taken back at any moment
- cheapest form of production
- slaves had no other loyalty except to their masters
Eg - Ancient greek, regarded as one of the most developed kingdoms but still used slavery as a method of production
History of Communism
After peak of capitalism, Marx and sociologists found flaws in it such as
-workers being treated unfairly
- huge pay gaps between rich and poor
This caused a revolution led by the workers called the Labour movement in the 17th century
This movement resulted in communism where everyone owns and shares resources and there is no more social segregation
Communism
Collective ownership of means of production
Wealth is distributed based on needs rather than profit
Less financial freedom
Economic stability and freedom
similar to the system that our ancestors had
Social groups
2 or more people who interact with each other and have a collective sense of unity
How does tech change social groups?
changes the way people communicate
How does population density change social groups?
Brings people closer together
What is the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a period of significant economic, technological, and social changes that began in the late 18th century, marked by the shift from handcraft-based economies to industrial and machine-based production. Started in Great Britain with the invention of steam-powered engines
Why were factories important in a social point of view
Factories provided more jobs which resulted in economic growth and mass production of goods. Mass production meant more trade and more jobs meant a new working class emerged
Innovations in transportation
introduction of steam-powered locomotives and a never-ending railway industry.
Innovations in textile
Introduction of power loom and spinning jerry
How IR changed our daily lives?
The Industrial Revolution transformed daily life by introducing machinery, urbanization, and new production methods, leading to increased efficiency. Many big modern countries like the USA are a result of industrialisation.
Why was Britain a pioneer in industrialization?
- abundance of coal deposits
- wet coal mines - mines were flooded which led to the discovery of the steam engine
- elites interested in business
- profits from imperialist countries and slaves from the transatlantic slave trade (trade triangle)
- Capatalist economyic system
Which countries stole Britain’s railroad systems
Belgium, Switzerland, France and Germany
Local and global factors which helped Britain to industrialize:
local factors: abundant natural resources, great environmental landscape, skilled workforce, and political stability,
global factors: colonial trade, the triangular trade (Atlantic slave trade), and access to diverse raw materials
Industrialization at a global scale: Egypt
Egpyt had a short-lived IR or one can say a de-industrialisation in the 19th century
Egpyt tried to industrialise itself in the late 18th century under the leadership of Muhammed Ali, who was the governer of the Ottoman Empire at that time. He successfully modernised Egpyt by building an industrialised economy and brought military reforms. He also increased cotton production which resulted in more trade with other countries
However, economic decline, leadership issues and heavy reliance on animal power resulted in Egpyt not being able to properly industrialise themselves.
High Tariffs and import tax prices on clothes exported from Egpyt led to a decline in Egpyt’s economy and were severely in debt to Great Britain
Industrialization at a global scale: Japan
Japan’s industrialisation started with western military men led by Mathews Perry entering the bay of Japan for a show of power and even colonisation
Before Japan’s IR, it was under the Tokugawa Shougante which meant the military was in control.
In fear or colonisation, a civil war broke out between the locals and the government where the locals asked for a change in the government. The locals eventually won and a new emperor was crowned - Emperor Mejji
He brought western ideologies and adapted to their technology. He created a centralised government and brought in changes in the fields of military, textiles, and ship building.
He also increased trade of raw materials for western tech
Made more schools to grow a working class and increased contact with the outside world
Despite facing challenges like high Tariffs and less raw materials, Japan still managed to industrialise and create a distinct economy where the businessmen worked closely with the government.
Industrialization at a global scale: India
India experienced Industrialisation in a different way than other countries.
Pre colonisation, Inida was a strong independent country and used to own 25% of the world’s industrial output. Thanks to the Mughal Empire
Industrialisation in Britain caused a collapse in India’s economy as machine-woven textiles were better than hand made ones and British Industrialists made sure that textile tech didn’t reach India
this made India one of the largest exporters of raw cotton and the British saw this as an opportunity to colonise India
With colonisation, the British stripped India of its natural resources and did whatever they could to stop India from fully industrializing. However, they still made some advancements such as railways, telegraph but that was for their benefit rather than India’s
After independence, Indian businessmen started to incorporate Western tech into Indian systems. They saw the availability of raw materials and the demand for manufactured goods. They also increased trade
Proletariat
Wage workers who were engaged in production
Income = Labour power
Bourgeoise
Business owners who control the means of production in a capitalist society
Laissez Faire
Free economic system with minimal government interaction
Factory life - conditions of workers, women, and children in factories
characterized by long working hours, poor working conditions, and exploitation of the poor,
women and children were often subjected to low wages and hazardous environments during the early stages of industrialization.
Led to protests of workers’ rights (labour movement) and labour reforms
Luddites - a secret organisation who used to destroy machinery
Class conflict
emerged during the Industrial Revolution as the capitalist class faced tensions with the working class, leading to labour movements and the pursuit of workers’ rights.
Spread of Industrialization
Britain tried to keep it secret but traders from different countries came to Britain, learned the techniques and then stole the machines and took them home
Water frame
Richard Arkwright 1769
Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves in 1765
Power loom
Edward Cartwright 1785
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney 1793
Morse Code
Samuel Morse
Telegraph
Sir Francis Ronald
Cotton Mill
Richard Arkwright 1771
Steam engine
Initial design by Thomas Newcomen, later modified by James Watt in 1764
What is a biome
A large area characterised by its vegetation, soil, climate, wildlife and zone
5 major types of biomes
- Forest
- Tundra
- Desert
- Grassland
- Aquatic
Even though similar biomes are located across the globe, their characteristics are
same
difference between biomes and ecosystems
biomes take into consideration the climate and zone whereas an ecosystem is classified by the interaction between the living species
How Biomes can be sustained through intervention and management.
- Conservation - Preserve endangered species
- Ecosystem restoration
- Reduce detrimental human activity - enforce strict environmental regulations
- Public Awareness and Collaboration
Rainforests
dense and diverse forests with high annual rainfall, humid and warm temperature
rainforests are part of which biome
forests
largest rainforest
amazon rainforest located in Brasil
How much of earth’s surface do rainforest cover
12%
how much carbon is stored in rainforests worldwide?
250 billion tons
Soil of rainforest
Nutrient poor due to fast rate of decomposition
Wildlife of rainforests
The extraordinary range of species including, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds and many more
Climate of rainforests
Tropical climate with high annual rainfall, high humidity and high temperature throughout the year
Zone of rainforests
found near the equator, in between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. latitudes - between 23.5 degrees north and 23.5 degrees south
Vegetation of rainforests
Multi-layered forest with different layers such as emergent, canopy, understory, forest floor
Abundance of plants such as herbs, ferns, orchids and evergreen trees
Importance of rainforests
Help in global climate balance and carbon isolation
Threats to rainforests
Deforestation, logging and detrimental human activities can cause biome instability
