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IH Flashcards

1
Q

Who created the hierarchy of needs?

A

Abraham Maslow

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2
Q

What is the first layer in the hierarchy of needs called?

A

Physiological needs

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3
Q

What are the 2 main layers in the hierarchy of needs called

A

Physiological and Safety needs

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4
Q

What things are the physiological needs

A

Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction

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5
Q

What things are the safety needs?

A

Personal security, resources, employment, health, property

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6
Q

What are the love and belonging needs?

A

Friendship, intimacy, family, connection

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7
Q

What are the self-actualisation needs?

A

desire to become the most a person can be

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8
Q

humans need a sense of _____

A

belonging

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9
Q

choose the correct option:

Identity is a
1. moral science
2. social construct

A
  1. social construct
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10
Q

Why do humans move from ‘I’ to ‘Us’

A

For need and survival

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11
Q

What changes when we move from ‘I’ to ‘Us’ and vice versa

A

There is a change in the identity of the person as well as the collective responsibility the person owns

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12
Q

How can humans survive alone?

A

Humans need to survive till a particular age to gain experience and skills to survive alone,

for example, a little child won’t be able to survive alone as he will always be dependent on his parents and family for survival

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13
Q

Who was Emile durkheim?

A

David Emile Durkheim was a French philosopher and scholar born on April 15th 1858. He is considered one of the main principals of sociology alongside Karl Marx, and Max Webber. Durkheim transformed our understanding of society using his theory of sociology. He traced the evolution of society from traditional to modern, emphasising the division of labour. He linked society to a living body where each system functions with each other to survive. His work focused on social order, unity and anomie (lack of social and ethical standards).

Despite personal setbacks like comments on his identity and the loss of his son, his legacy continues today

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14
Q

Who was Karl Marx?

A

Karl Henrich Marx was a German philosopher and economist who was born on May 5th 1818. He developed the theory of Marxism as well as various other social, economic and political theories. He is considered one of the 3 principal architects alongside Emile Durkheim and Max Weber

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15
Q

What is population density

A

Number of people living in an area

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16
Q

Is the Morality rate worse or better now than before?

A

way better

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17
Q

Why will population size grow?

A

they know how to survive and can adapt to their surroundings

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18
Q

Proper living conditions result in

A

Advancement in different fields

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19
Q

Give one example where people adapted to their surroundings to survive

A

Hong Kong

The land space there is very low but it also has a relatively high population. Hence to accommodate all of the people, instead of expanding their homes horizontally, they built upwards. That is one of the main reasons why Hong Kong has some of the biggest high-rise buildings in the world.

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20
Q

Why does population density go down

A
  1. Abortion or a lower need for reproduction
  2. Diseases or virus outbreaks causing a massive amount of deaths (COVID-19)
  3. Older population - cant reproduce
  4. Famine, droughts or other natural disasters
  5. Poverty or poor quality of Life
  6. Wras and man-made conflicts
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21
Q

What are the building blocks of a society?

A

Population density and Technological advancements

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22
Q

What is the moral density?

A

Ways and to what extent people interact with each other

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23
Q

How is population density interconnected with moral density and society?

A

Population density is interconnected with moral density and society through the dynamics of how people get along, compete for resources, and share their values

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24
Q

What are the 2 different types of societies according to Durkheim?

A

Mechanical solidarity
Organic solidarity

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25
Q

Mechanical solidarity

A

Smaller and simpler society and mainly emotion-based
Pre-modern society
Easier to delegate tasks and share resources as everyone has one common goal to survive
Everyone has the same skillset
Simpler requirements

Eg - Our hunter ancestors who hunted, gathered and moved from place to place

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26
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

Modern and larger type of society
more complex
higher requirements (upper level of Maslow’s pyramid)
More luxurious
Basic needs didn’t change, instead, we added more requirements on top of it
More practical and professional as everyone has different skills

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27
Q

4 economic systems

A
  1. Primitive Communism
  2. Slavery
  3. Feudalism
  4. Capitalism
  5. Communism
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28
Q

What does the economic system do?

A

Divide labour and resources in an organic solidarity

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29
Q

Less people, more resources = which type of society

A

pre-modern society

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30
Q

Slave driven society

A

the economy is dependent on slaves
as you move across history, there are fewer slave-driven societies

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31
Q

slave-owning society

A

People own slaves but they are independent
the economy is not based on slaves
found in recent history

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32
Q

Feudalism

A

Prominent in Europe, this system of production was based on hereditary rule and land ownership

Monarchs had a lot of power and would distribute some of it (slaves and peasants) to their lords and vassals in exchange for military

Lords would give some power (shelter food and protection) to the knights in exchange for military

Knights would give some power (shelter and land) to the peasants and serfs for farming and rent

The church was a separate body which also held a lot of power

Eg - Roman empire

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33
Q

Capitalism

A

Employed throughout most of the world today

Ownership is based on capital rather than slaves or land

Capitalists (businessmen) use capital to hire workers to turn raw materials into something that can be used or something that can be traded, something that can be sold

Everything is based on profit and gain

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34
Q

Who were investors

A

Investors (owners of capital) use their money to invest in profitable businesses to gain profit

35
Q

Problems of capitalism

A
  1. Inequality
  2. Economic Instability\
  3. Monopoly power
  4. Environmental damage
  5. Immobility (difficult for people to change their situation, eg - a labourer cant be a businessman)
36
Q

Slavery

A
  • Oppressive system
  • slaves were separated from their family
  • Slaves had nothing except the things their master gave them, these things could also be taken back at any moment
  • cheapest form of production
  • slaves had no other loyalty except to their masters

Eg - Ancient greek, regarded as one of the most developed kingdoms but still used slavery as a method of production

37
Q

History of Communism

A

After peak of capitalism, Marx and sociologists found flaws in it such as
-workers being treated unfairly
- huge pay gaps between rich and poor

This caused a revolution led by the workers called the Labour movement in the 17th century

This movement resulted in communism where everyone owns and shares resources and there is no more social segregation

38
Q

Communism

A

Collective ownership of means of production
Wealth is distributed based on needs rather than profit
Less financial freedom
Economic stability and freedom

similar to the system that our ancestors had

39
Q

Social groups

A

2 or more people who interact with each other and have a collective sense of unity

40
Q

How does tech change social groups?

A

changes the way people communicate

41
Q

How does population density change social groups?

A

Brings people closer together

42
Q

What is the Industrial Revolution?

A

The Industrial Revolution was a period of significant economic, technological, and social changes that began in the late 18th century, marked by the shift from handcraft-based economies to industrial and machine-based production. Started in Great Britain with the invention of steam-powered engines

43
Q

Why were factories important in a social point of view

A

Factories provided more jobs which resulted in economic growth and mass production of goods. Mass production meant more trade and more jobs meant a new working class emerged

44
Q

Innovations in transportation

A

introduction of steam-powered locomotives and a never-ending railway industry.

45
Q

Innovations in textile

A

Introduction of power loom and spinning jerry

46
Q

How IR changed our daily lives?

A

The Industrial Revolution transformed daily life by introducing machinery, urbanization, and new production methods, leading to increased efficiency. Many big modern countries like the USA are a result of industrialisation.

47
Q

Why was Britain a pioneer in industrialization?

A
  1. abundance of coal deposits
  2. wet coal mines - mines were flooded which led to the discovery of the steam engine
  3. elites interested in business
  4. profits from imperialist countries and slaves from the transatlantic slave trade (trade triangle)
  5. Capatalist economyic system
48
Q

Which countries stole Britain’s railroad systems

A

Belgium, Switzerland, France and Germany

49
Q

Local and global factors which helped Britain to industrialize:

A

local factors: abundant natural resources, great environmental landscape, skilled workforce, and political stability,

global factors: colonial trade, the triangular trade (Atlantic slave trade), and access to diverse raw materials

50
Q

Industrialization at a global scale: Egypt

A

Egpyt had a short-lived IR or one can say a de-industrialisation in the 19th century

Egpyt tried to industrialise itself in the late 18th century under the leadership of Muhammed Ali, who was the governer of the Ottoman Empire at that time. He successfully modernised Egpyt by building an industrialised economy and brought military reforms. He also increased cotton production which resulted in more trade with other countries

However, economic decline, leadership issues and heavy reliance on animal power resulted in Egpyt not being able to properly industrialise themselves.

High Tariffs and import tax prices on clothes exported from Egpyt led to a decline in Egpyt’s economy and were severely in debt to Great Britain

51
Q

Industrialization at a global scale: Japan

A

Japan’s industrialisation started with western military men led by Mathews Perry entering the bay of Japan for a show of power and even colonisation

Before Japan’s IR, it was under the Tokugawa Shougante which meant the military was in control.

In fear or colonisation, a civil war broke out between the locals and the government where the locals asked for a change in the government. The locals eventually won and a new emperor was crowned - Emperor Mejji

He brought western ideologies and adapted to their technology. He created a centralised government and brought in changes in the fields of military, textiles, and ship building.

He also increased trade of raw materials for western tech

Made more schools to grow a working class and increased contact with the outside world

Despite facing challenges like high Tariffs and less raw materials, Japan still managed to industrialise and create a distinct economy where the businessmen worked closely with the government.

52
Q

Industrialization at a global scale: India

A

India experienced Industrialisation in a different way than other countries.

Pre colonisation, Inida was a strong independent country and used to own 25% of the world’s industrial output. Thanks to the Mughal Empire

Industrialisation in Britain caused a collapse in India’s economy as machine-woven textiles were better than hand made ones and British Industrialists made sure that textile tech didn’t reach India

this made India one of the largest exporters of raw cotton and the British saw this as an opportunity to colonise India

With colonisation, the British stripped India of its natural resources and did whatever they could to stop India from fully industrializing. However, they still made some advancements such as railways, telegraph but that was for their benefit rather than India’s

After independence, Indian businessmen started to incorporate Western tech into Indian systems. They saw the availability of raw materials and the demand for manufactured goods. They also increased trade

53
Q

Proletariat

A

Wage workers who were engaged in production

Income = Labour power

54
Q

Bourgeoise

A

Business owners who control the means of production in a capitalist society

55
Q

Laissez Faire

A

Free economic system with minimal government interaction

56
Q

Factory life - conditions of workers, women, and children in factories

A

characterized by long working hours, poor working conditions, and exploitation of the poor,

women and children were often subjected to low wages and hazardous environments during the early stages of industrialization.

Led to protests of workers’ rights (labour movement) and labour reforms

Luddites - a secret organisation who used to destroy machinery

57
Q

Class conflict

A

emerged during the Industrial Revolution as the capitalist class faced tensions with the working class, leading to labour movements and the pursuit of workers’ rights.

58
Q

Spread of Industrialization

A

Britain tried to keep it secret but traders from different countries came to Britain, learned the techniques and then stole the machines and took them home

59
Q

Water frame

A

Richard Arkwright 1769

60
Q

Spinning Jenny

A

James Hargreaves in 1765

61
Q

Power loom

A

Edward Cartwright 1785

62
Q

Cotton Gin

A

Eli Whitney 1793

63
Q

Morse Code

A

Samuel Morse

64
Q

Telegraph

A

Sir Francis Ronald

65
Q

Cotton Mill

A

Richard Arkwright 1771

66
Q

Steam engine

A

Initial design by Thomas Newcomen, later modified by James Watt in 1764

67
Q

What is a biome

A

A large area characterised by its vegetation, soil, climate, wildlife and zone

68
Q

5 major types of biomes

A
  1. Forest
  2. Tundra
  3. Desert
  4. Grassland
  5. Aquatic
69
Q

Even though similar biomes are located across the globe, their characteristics are

A

same

70
Q

difference between biomes and ecosystems

A

biomes take into consideration the climate and zone whereas an ecosystem is classified by the interaction between the living species

71
Q

How Biomes can be sustained through intervention and management.

A
  1. Conservation - Preserve endangered species
  2. Ecosystem restoration
  3. Reduce detrimental human activity - enforce strict environmental regulations
  4. Public Awareness and Collaboration
72
Q

Rainforests

A

dense and diverse forests with high annual rainfall, humid and warm temperature

73
Q

rainforests are part of which biome

A

forests

74
Q

largest rainforest

A

amazon rainforest located in Brasil

75
Q

How much of earth’s surface do rainforest cover

A

12%

76
Q

how much carbon is stored in rainforests worldwide?

A

250 billion tons

77
Q

Soil of rainforest

A

Nutrient poor due to fast rate of decomposition

78
Q

Wildlife of rainforests

A

The extraordinary range of species including, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds and many more

79
Q

Climate of rainforests

A

Tropical climate with high annual rainfall, high humidity and high temperature throughout the year

80
Q

Zone of rainforests

A

found near the equator, in between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. latitudes - between 23.5 degrees north and 23.5 degrees south

81
Q

Vegetation of rainforests

A

Multi-layered forest with different layers such as emergent, canopy, understory, forest floor

Abundance of plants such as herbs, ferns, orchids and evergreen trees

82
Q

Importance of rainforests

A

Help in global climate balance and carbon isolation

83
Q

Threats to rainforests

A

Deforestation, logging and detrimental human activities can cause biome instability

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