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Exam prep > Chem > Flashcards

Chem Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up volume/space

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

The process of movement of particles from a high concentration area to a low concentration area to form an equilibrium

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3
Q

How does perfume liquid perform diffusion?

A

The liquid from the perfume spreads into the air, the liquid perfume has a higher concentration of particles than the air around and hence the particles move around until they reach equilibrium

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4
Q

2 factors affecting the rate of diffusion

A

Temperature - Higher temperature means higher kinetic energy, which makes the particles move faster and collide more frequently

Molecular Mass - Heavier molecules diffuse slower due to lower kinetic energy, while lighter molecules diffuse faster due to their lower molecular mass, Hydrogen gas (H2) has a molecular mass of 2 g/mol and diffuses faster than oxygen gas (O2) with a molecular mass of 32 g/mol.

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5
Q

solute

A

the substance which is being dissolved

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6
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid that is doing the dissolving (can sometimes be a gas as well)

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7
Q

concentration

A

Amount of particles in an area

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8
Q

Element

A

a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances, composed of protons, neutrons and electrons, eg - Hydrogen

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9
Q

Mixture

A

Made of 2 or more substances that have been physically combined, can be separated using physical means, eg - soup

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10
Q

compound

A

two or more elements that have been chemically combined in a fixed ratio, eg - Water (H2O)

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11
Q

Pure substance

A

composed of a single element/compound and has a fixed and definite composition, eg - Iron

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12
Q

How to check if a substance is pure or not?

A

A pure substance has a constant and fixed melting point and boiling point, while an impure substance has a lower and broader melting point and a higher and broader boiling point

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13
Q

Homogenous mixture

A

Particles are distributed evenly and have a uniform composition

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14
Q

Heterogenous Mixture

A

Components are mixed and can easily be identified. Has a non-uniform composition

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15
Q

Element, mixture or compound - Zinc

A

Element

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16
Q

Element, mixture or compound - Saltwater

A

Mixture

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17
Q

Element, mixture or compound - Sugar Syrup

A

Mixture

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18
Q

Element, mixture or compound - Marble Chips

A

Compound

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19
Q

Element, mixture or compound - Aluminium

A

Element

20
Q

States of Matter

A

Solid, Liquid and Gas

21
Q

Properties of Solid

A

Particles are closely packed together and vibrate off each other, with definite shapes, High density and incompressible. Intermolecular space is less

22
Q

Properties of liquid

A

Particles move freely, and medium kinetic energy, definite volume but no shape (takes the shape of a container), not compressible. Intermolecular space is more than solid but less than gas

23
Q

Properties of gas

A

Particles roam around freely at high speeds, with no fixed volume and no fixed shape, compressible, low-density. Very high intermolecular space

24
Q

Kinetic Theory of Matter

A

States that all matter is made of tiny particles (atoms) that are always moving

25
Q

What are Heating and Cooling Curve

A

A simple line graph that shows the phase change a given substance undergoes with increase/decrease in temp

26
Q

What are solutions

A

Homogenous mixtures which contain small solute particles in a solvent, eg - sugar in water

27
Q

What are Suspensions

A

Heterogenous mixtures in which small particles of a solid remain suspended from a liquid/gas, eg - muddy water

28
Q

What are colloids

A

Heteregrnous mixture made of 2 phases. The dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. They are mixtures where tiny particles are spread out but don’t settle, eg - milk powder and water mixture

29
Q

Rank colloids, suspensions and solutions based on particle size (biggest to smallest)

A
  1. Suspensions
  2. Colloids
  3. Solutions
30
Q

What are emulsions

A

Liquid + Liquid mixtures which are immiscible (not forming a homogeneous mixture when mixed) or are partly miscible, eg - Mayo, paint, egg yolks

31
Q

What are the 6 main methods of separation of mixtures?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Evaporation
  3. Simple Distillation
  4. Fractional Distillation
  5. crystallization
  6. chromatography
32
Q

What is Chromatography

A

a technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution in which the components move at different rates.

33
Q

What is Paper Chromatography

A

The experiment uses to ink to see how it distributes on chromatographic paper

34
Q

Does the solute travel more or the solvent, in chromatography

A

solute

35
Q

Explain the stationary phase in chromatography

A

The stationary phase is that substance which does not move. Usually a solid but in paper chromatography, it can be a liquid as well

36
Q

Explain the mobile phase in chromatography

A

The phase where the substance moves down the column and into the stationary phase.

37
Q

What is Rf value?

A

is a ratio used to describe the distance a component in a mixture travels in relation to the distance the solvent travels

38
Q

How to calculate Rf value

A

distance travelled by solute (stationary phase)/ Distance travelled by solvent

39
Q

List some everyday uses of Chromatography

A

Forensic science
Creating Vaccines,
Food and Beverage Testing
Drug testing

40
Q

What is Filtration

A

Used to separate solid from liquid. It is done with filter paper or a funnel
Eg - Getting chalk residue from chalk and water mixture

41
Q

What is evaporation

A

Used to separate a solid from a solution it has been dissolved in. The solution is heated so that the liquid is evaporated and only the solid remains

42
Q

What is Crystallization

A

separates solid from a solution by turning the mixture into crystals, then the crystals are left to dry. The remaining parts are the residue of the solid

43
Q

What is simple distillation and what are its steps

A

Used to get the solvent from a solution

Steps:
1. Impure substance is heated
2. It boils and steam rises and condenses in condenser
3. Impurities are left behind
4. Steam condenses into the pure liquid and drops into the beaker

44
Q

What is Fractional Distillation and what is its steps

A

Used to separate liquid from each other

Steps:
1 Mixture is heated
2. Wanted substance evaporates into the column
3. It then condenses in the beads in the column causing the beads to heat
4. When the beads reach a certain temp. (when the liquid stops condensing), wanted substance will heat and rise while the unwanted travels through the condenser and drops on the beaker.

45
Q

Real-world uses of fractional distillation

A

purification of water
separating ethanol and water.
Separating crude oil into petroleum, diesel, etc.

Exam prep (4 decks)

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