Iggy Inflammation and Immune Response

Question 1

Immunocompetent

Answer 1

Body’s maximum protection against infection.

Question 2

Purpose of inflammation and immunity

Answer 2

Provide protection by neutralizing, eliminating, or destroying organisms that invade the internal environment.

Question 3

Self-tolerance

Answer 3

Recognizing self vs. non-self cells

Question 4

Agglutination

Answer 4

Clumping action that results from the antibody linking antigens together, forming large and small immune complexes. Does not directly destroy antigen, but starts other defensive effects. Allows it to be more easily attacked by macrophages and neutrophils.

Question 5

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 5

Helper/inducer T cells, cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cell, NKC (Natural killer cells)

Question 6

Active immunity

Answer 6

Antigens enter the body and the body responds by making specific antibodies against the antigen. This type of immunity is ACTIVE because the body takes an active part in making antibodies. Active immunity occurs under Natural or Artificial conditions.

Question 7

Inflammation (innate-native immunity or natural immunity)

Answer 7

Provides immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and invading foreign proteins.

Question 8

Artificial passive immunity

Answer 8

Involves injecting a person with antibodies that were produced in another person or animal. Used when a person is exposed to a serious disease for which he or she has little or no actively acquired immunity. Lasts only a couple of days to weeks.

Question 9

Stem cells

Answer 9

Pluripotent, meaning that it is undifferentiated.

Question 10

Phagocytosis: 7 steps

Answer 10

1. Exposure/invasion.
2. Attraction.
3. Adherence
4. Recognition.
5. Cellular ingestion.
6. Phagosome formation
7. Degredation.

Question 11

Band Neutrophils

Answer 11

Less mature neutrophils

Question 12

Neutralization (inactivation)

Answer 12

Process of making an antigen harmless without destroying it.

Question 13

Precipitation

Answer 13

Antibody molecules bind so much antigen that large antigen-antibody complexes are formed. These cannot stay in suspension in the blood. Instead, they form a large precipitate, which then can be acted on and removed by neutrophils and macrophages.

Question 14

Plasma Cell

Answer 14

A short-lived B-lymphocyte that begins functioning immediately to produce antibodies against sensitizing antigens.

Question 15

Natural active immunity

Answer 15

When an antigen enters the body without human assistance and the body responds by actively making antibodies against that antigen (chickenpox virus). This type of immunity is the LONGEST lasting.

Question 16

Neutrophils (Granulocytes)

Answer 16

Make up 55-70% of total WBCs. they mature in the bone marrow. Life span is 12-18 hours. They are leukocytes that destroy invaders by phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion.

Question 17

Memory cell

Answer 17

A type of B-lymphocyte that remains sensitized but does not start to produce antibodies until the next exposure to the same antigen.

Question 18

Antigen

Answer 18

Proteins capable of stimulating an immune response.

Question 19

The immune system is influenced by which body systems:

Answer 19

NERVOUS, ENDOCRINE, AND GI SYSTEMS.

Question 20

Natural passive immunity

Answer 20

Occurs when antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or to the infant through colostrom and breast milk.

Question 21

Antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 21

B-lymphocyte, plasma cell, memory cell.

Question 22

5 cardinal manifestations of inflammation

Answer 22

Warmth, redness, swelling, pain, and decreased function.

Question 23

Basophils

Answer 23

Make up only about 1% of WBCs. They release histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage.

Question 24

Helper/inducer T-cells

Answer 24

Easily recognize self cells versus non-self cells. Thus helper/inducer T-cells act as organizers in “calling to arms” various squads of WBCs involved in inflammatory, antibody, and cellular protective actions to destroy or neutralize antigens.

Question 25

Artificial active immunity

Answer 25

Protection developed by vaccination or immunization.

Question 26

Eosinophil

Answer 26

1-2% of WBCs. Function is very active against infestations of parasitic larvae and also limits inflammatory reactions.

Question 27

Other parts of innate immunity include:

Answer 27

Skin, mucosa, antimicrobial chemicals on the skin, complement, and natural killer cells.

Question 28

Inflammation includes:

Answer 28

Neutrophil, macrophage, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil

Question 29

Macrophages

Answer 29

Come from committed myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow. Specific macrophage functions include phagocytosis, repair, antigen presenting/processing, and secretion of cytokines that help control the immune system.

Question 30

Sequence of inflammatory response:

Answer 30

1. Vascular part of inflammatory response. Blood flow increases.
2. Cellular exudate part of the response.
3. Features tissue repair and replacement.

Question 31

Natural killer cells

Answer 31

Cells have direct cytotoxic effects on some non-self cells without first being sensitized. These killing actions of NK cells are in addition to the interactions of other WBCs. NK cells conduct “seek and destroy” missions in the body to eliminate non-self cells.

Question 32

Suppressor T-cells:

Answer 32

Prevent hypersensitivity (immune overreactions) on exposure to non-self cells or proteins. This function is important in preventing the formation of antibodies directed against normal, healthy self cells, which is the basis for many autoimmune diseases.

Question 33

Mature neutrophils

Answer 33

Segmented neutrophils (Segs)

Question 34

Cytokines

Answer 34

Work like hormones. Once cell produces a cytokine, which in turn exerts its effects on other cells of the immune system and on other body cells. The cells responding to the cytokine may be located close to or remote from the cytokine-secreting cell. Thus cytokines act like “messengers” that tell specific cells how and when to respond.

Question 35

Antibody mediated immunity (humoral immunity)

Answer 35

Involves antigen-antibody interactions to neutralize, eliminate, or destroy foreign proteins. Antibodies are produced by sensitized B-lymphocytes (B-cells).

Question 36

Complement activation and fixation

Answer 36

Actions triggered by some classes of antibodies that can remove or destroy antigen.

Question 37

Adaptive immunity

Answer 37

Immunity that a person’s body makes (or can receive) as an adaptive response to invasion by organisms or foreign proteins; occurs either naturally or artificially through lymphocyte responses and can be either active or passive.

Question 38

HLAs (Human leukocyte antigen)

Answer 38

Unique proteins that are found on the surface of all body cells of that person and serve as a “UPC” or a “Cellular fingerprint” for that person. One person’s HLAs are recognized as “foreign” or “non-self” by the immune system of another person.

Question 39

Passive immunity

Answer 39

Occurs when antibodies against an antigen are in a person’s body but were not created there. Rather these antibodies are transferred to the person’s body after being made in the body of another person or animal. Provides short-term protection.

Question 40

Cytotoxic T-Cells

Answer 40

Cytotoxic/cytolytic T=cells destroy cells that contain a processed antigen’s human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). This activity is most effective against self cells infected by parasites, such as viruses or protozoa.

Question 41

Bone marrow is the source of:

Answer 41

All blood cells, including immune system cells.

Question 42

Left shift

Answer 42

An increase in the band cells (immature neutrophils) in the WBC differential count. An early indication of infection.