IELTS Flashcards
adj. unwilling to spend money
If you describe someone as stingy, you are criticizing them for being unwilling to spend money.
be stingy
If you say that someone is judgemental, you are critical of them because they form opinions of people and situations very quickly, when it would be better for them to wait until they know more about the person or situation.
be judgemental
If you describe someone as nosy, you mean that they are interested in things which do not concern them.
be nosy
기르다, 양육하다
to bring sb/sth up
n. a trite, stereotyped expression
a cliché
be in a better position, especially in financial terms
be better off
adj. (of a group of people) united or bound together by strong relationships and common interests.
close-knit
-We are a very close-knit family and support each other through any crises.
그들은 7째중 막내다.
They are the youngest of seven siblings.
ad. so as to give the impression of having a certain quality; apparently.
seemingly
develop or progress with increasing success
to go from strength to strength
adj. cannot stop thinking about themselves, and constantly reminds all others around them of their good and bad qualities
be self-absorbed
seem; look; appear to be
to come across as sth/sb
-He came across as an extremely pleasant and charming young man.
adj. easygoing, relaxed
be laid-back
거대한
be immense
n. a parent of your husband or wife or a member of his or her family
in-law(s)
a person’s wife, husband, or partner
other half
To have a good relationship
to get on with somebody
To respect sb
to look up to sb
To be in communication with somebody
to be in touch with sb
To argue and stop being friendly with sb
to fall out with sb
To gradually have a less close relationship with sb
to grow apart from sb
To resemble sb in your family (in appearance or personality)
to take after sb
To have many childhood and adolescent experiences in common with sb
to grow up together
to grow up with sb
To be close to sb
to know sb well and see or talk to them often
suitable
=appropriate
I don’t think this hotel is suitable for children.
= This hotel is quite satisfactory for families.
= I wouldn’t recommend bringing under 18s to this hotel.
= This hotel is appropriate for minors, in my view.
traditional
=conventional
other
=alternative
unique
=individual
old-fashioned
= dated
reasonable
= fair
The price of dinner was reasonable.
= The bill for dinner was not too expensive.
= The meal was not overpriced.
= I thought the meal was a fair price.
sufficient
= adequate
common
= frequent
There is often bad weather here at this time of year.
= In this region, rain is frequent at this time of year.
not happening or done often or regularly
occasional
7월 23일
July twenty-third
The twenty-third of July
To deal successfully with a problem, a situation, or a person who is having difficulties:
To sort sth out
To change one’s clothing (usually for a specific purpose)
To get chaged
adj. (especially of a place) attractive in appearance, especially in an old-fashioned way
picturesque
a piece of paper that gives you information or advertises something
leaflet
adj. Relatively expensive and designed to appeal to affluent consumers
ad. Towards the more expensive or affluent sector of the market
upmarket
- This was no ordinary place; it was an upmarket historic inn and its chef clearly knew his stuff.
- He fulfilled a long-held ambition to take the company upmarket.e fulfilled a long-held ambition to take the company upmarket.
A man whose wife has died and who has not married again
widower
All the money and property somebody leaves behind them when they die
estate
A person who has recently died
the deceased (noun)
To prove that an argument, conclusion, or result is wrong or cause it to be wrong
invalidate
- Finding such so-called prior art is the only way to invalidate a patent.
V. to formally choose someone to do a special piece of work, or to formally ask for a special piece of work from someone
V. to order or authorise the production of something
의뢰하다
commission
n. the act of committing a crime
n. a group of people who have been formally chosen to discover information about a problem or examine the reasons why the problem exists
n. 수수료
commission
a government system or private organization that is responsible for a particular type of activity, or for providing a particular thing that people need
service
the act or progress of taking part in sth
involvement
보통 관사 없이 쓰는듯
some involvement in ~
to allow something to stay as it is because doing more might make things worse:
To leave well alone
- It’s going to get in a muddle if you carry on. I should just leave well alone if I were you.
taking action by causing change and not only reacting to change when it happens
proactive
the act of providing something
provision
a holiday where you purchase the travel and accommodation together
all-in package/package holiday
- most people come on package holidays
an extremely beautiful view
breathtaking view
- but the most unforgettable/memorable things about the holiday were the breathtaking views
a cheaper form of flying than a scheduled flight
charter-flight
the place at the airport where you register for your flight and deposit your luggage
check-in desk
where you wait for your flight to be called
departure lounge
- if your flight is delayed or you couldn’t(were not able to) get a direct flight, you might have to sit for ages in the departure lounge.
somewhere a long way away
far-off destination
- nowadays you can get cheap charter flights or all-in packages to somewhere near or to a far-off destination
an organised group shown around a place of interest by an expert
guided tour
- sign up for guided tours
a glossy publication with details of holiday packages
holiday brochure
where you go for a holiday
holiday destination
- Last year, I went on a long weekend holiday to Nice which is one of the most popular holiday destinations in France
a special holiday that you are unlikely to repeat
a holiday of a lifetime
a place where lots of people go for a holiday
holiday resort
crowds of tourists
hordes of tourists
objects produced locally
local crafts
an extended weekend holiday including Friday or Monday
a long weekend
outside of the main holiday period
out of season
very pretty village
picturesque village
the place where your passport is checked
passport control
sites of interest to tourists
places of interest
a holiday where you supply your own food
self-catering
a short holiday
short break
to look around the tourist sites
to go sightseeing
extremely beautiful countryside
stunning landscape
a shop that specialises in booking holidays
travel agent
somewhere where too many tourists go
tourist trap
a cheap form of accommodation
youth hostel
the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area
standard of living
- As standards of living gets higher and higher, it is getting easier and affordable to travel now.
결혼에는 책임이 따른다
Marriage requires responsibilities.
재정적 안정
financial security/stability
to end a romantic relationship
to break up
to become less close to someone
to drift apart
to try to maintain a positive relationship with someone
to work at a relationship
to be similar to
to be well matched
to get married
to tie the knot
to begin a friendship
to strike up a relationship
to give up the single life and start a family
to settle down
to agree on a subject
to see eye-to-eye on
to ask someone to marry you
to pop the question
to fall in love immediately you meet someone
love at first sight
to not see or hear from someone any longer
to lose touch with
to keep in contact with
to keep in touch with
to like spending time with someone
to enjoy someone’s company
to fall in love
to fall for
to start to love someone a lot
to fall head over heels in love
to have a disagreement and stop being friends
to fall out with
to like someone’s company very much indeed
to get on like a house on fire
to understand someone and enjoy similar interests
to get on well with
to begin to know someone
to get to know
to have known someone for a long time
to go back years
to share similar interests
to have a lot in common
to have good and bad times
to have ups and downs
a good, positive relationship
a healthy relationship
to quickly become good friends with
to hit it off
to be romantically involved with someone
to be in a relationship
to not be romantically involved
to be just good friends
to locate
to access websites/email
to make a copy of files in case of a computer problem
to back up files
to start a computer
to boot up
to mark a webpage for future reference
to bookmark a webpage
to look at websites
to browse websites
an expert computer user
a computer buff
to suddenly stop working
to crash
to move text or images from one place in a document to another place
to cut and paste
a computer that isn’t portable and remains in situ on a desk
a desktop PC
to edit digital materials like audio or video files
digital editing
to save a copy of a file from the internet to your own device
download (podcasts)
to type the address of a website into the address bar of your browser
to enter a web address
a technological tool like a mobile phone or camera
a gadget
to start using the Internet
to go online
powerful computer with top quality components
high-spec (laptop)
Internet safety
Internet security
a network of connected computers within an organisation that is not accessible by unauthorised visitors
intranet
to find your way around a website
to navigate a website
the software that tells the computer how to work
operating system
send an email with an accompanying file
send an attachment
media used to interact with other people such as Facebook or Twitter
social media
to look at a series of websites one after the other
to surf the web
somebody who has an interest in technology
a techie a technophile (cinephile)
to obtain a more powerful or feature-rich computer or piece of software
to upgrade
to see and hear people from different locations using the Internet
video conferencing
a public place where you can access the Internet
wireless hotspot
a network where users can access the Internet without the use of fixed cables
wireless network
producing written texts on a computer
word processing
adj. knowing a lot about computers
tech-savvy
n.adj. lead, forefront
cutting-edge
most recent, best
state-of-the-art
newest
the latest
small
compact
someone afraid of technology
technophobe
adj. no longer used
obsolete
adj. very old
obsolete
massive, clumsy
bulky
정보의 바다
the sea of information
흔히
commonly
짐을 줄이다
reduce my luggage
세계 이슈를 놓치지 않고 보다
to keep up with global issues in detale
an event where various athletics sports are held
an athletics meeting
a running track
an athletics track
a football match played in the opposing teams stadium
an away game
a fast walk
a brisk walk
someone who likes football
a football fan
a schedule of activities to keep fit
a fitness programme
I should get a personal trainer … someone who will sort out a fitness programme for me and make me train hard
a game of football
a football match
the surface on which you play football (as opposed to a stadium, which is the building)
a football pitch
a period in the year when football is played
a football season
I’m really looking forward to the new football season starting soon
to be or make somebody/something become the person or thing around which most activity
to centre around
I’m a big football fan and weekends always centre around a football match
to become fit
to get into shape
to run around the streets
to go jogging
a football match played in the teams own stadium
a home game
to stay in good physical condition
to keep fit
I think it’s really important to keep fit … it makes you feel good and energised for work and your studies ….
to not be physically fit
to be out of condition
to achieve the best personal result so far in a sport
a personal best
a sports coach that helps you on a one-to-one basis
a personal trainer
I should get a personal trainer … someone who will sort out a fitness programme for me and make me train hard ….
a ticket that gives you entry to most of a team’s home games during the sporting year.
a season ticket
I support FC Utrecht and have a season ticket so I go to most of the home games and quite a few of the away games too
to achieve the best result in a sport
to set a record
a public building where people can do various sports
a sports centre
the equipment and services needed to do a sport
sports facilities
the surface where you play these sports
a squash/tennis/badminton court
exercise that needs a lot of physical effort
strenuous exercise
a good swimmer
a strong swimmer
the place where you swim
a swimming pool
to start doing exercise
to take up exercise
I always say I’m going to take up exercise and try to get into shape but I never seem to get started
to train with a lot of effort
to train hard
to eat to the point that you can no longer eat any more
to be full up
an exaggerated way of saying you are very hungry
to be starving hungry
to eat something very quickly
to bolt something down
an exaggerated way of saying you are hungry
to be dying of hunger
to eat the correct types and amounts of food
to eat a balanced diet
to eat a lot
to eat like a horse
to cook a meal using instructions
to follow a recipe
to pay the bill
to foot the bill
somebody who has their own very high standards about what to eat
a fussy eater
to eat something quickly (when you’re in a rush)
to grab a bite to eat
to enjoy sugary food
to have a sweet tooth
food cooked at home from individual ingredients
home-cooked food
the most important meal of the day, usually eaten in the evening
the main meal
to make you feel very hungry for something
to make your mouth water
it makes my mouth water just to think about it
to push food around the plate to avoid eating it
to play with your food
commercially prepared food bought for convenience
processed food / a ready meal
to eat a small amount of food between meals
a quick snack
a large meal
a slap up meal
to est something that will stop you feeling hungry when it’s meal-time.
to spoil your appetite
a cooked meal prepared in a restaurant and eaten at home
a take away
to eat something with pleasure
to tuck into
to entertain someone by treating them to food and drink
to wine and dine
to do physical work that leads to you becoming hungry
to work up an appetite
to go to classes
to attend classes
a school where pupils live during term time
boarding school
a way of studying where tuition is carried out over the Internet or by post
distance learning
as opposed to distance learning the traditional way of studying in a classroom with colleagues and a teacher
face-to-face classes
to progress less quickly than others
to fall behind with your studies
to offer guidance on a student’s work
to give feedback
an event where a successful student receives his or her academic degree
a graduation ceremony
education, usually in a college or university, that is followed after high school or secondary school
higher education
a course that offers lots of training in order to reach a goal in as short a time as possible
an intensive course
to not fall behind
to keep up with your studies
to memorize it
to learn something by heart
a student who is older than average and who has usually returned to education after a period at work
a mature student
to finish a job or task in the time allowed or agreed
to meet a deadline
to stay away from classes without permission
to play truant
an independent school run as a business concern
private language school
exclusive independent schools in the UK
public schools
a school where only boys or girls attend (as opposed to a mixed-sex school)
a single-sex school
to sit an exam
to take an exam
a school paid for by public funds and available to the general public
state school
to spend a year working or travelling before starting university
to take a year out
the money paid for a course of study
tuition fees
to have a paid job whilst studying to support yourself financially
to work your way through university
be making one feel very happy, animated, or elated; thrilling\
be exhilarating
be filled with excessive and single-minded zeal
be fanatical (about)
Great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective
zeal for/about
Suffering from malnutrition
be malnourished
The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life:
metabolism
A weight-loss diet undertaken on an urgent, short-term basis with the aim of achieving very rapid results.
a crash diet
- Going on a crash diet can be extremely dangerous. You can end up becoming malnourished and be too weak to go about your daily life.
gain weight
to put on weight
adj. too thin
underweight
주로 앉아서하는
(Of a person) tending to spend much time seated; somewhat inactive:
(Of work or a way of life) characterized by much sitting and little physical exercise:
sedentary
type of lifestyle with no or irregular physical activity
a sedentary lifestyle
to take (food, drink) into the body
to ingest
가장 좋은 운동형태
the best form of exercise
발리볼하다
play volleyball
활발함을 유지하다
keep active
- Without a TV people are much more likely to keep fit.
본보기를 보이다
set a good example
성취감
the sense of achievement
건강한 생활을 하다
lead healthy lives
People ought to be encouraged to lead healthy lives.
간접흡연
passive smoking
공공장소
public places
history, philosophy, literature, languages 과목들
art subjects
과학 과목
scientific subjects
A pass of an examination or an official completion of a course
qualifications
I was unsuccessful in exam
I failed
시험 다시 보다
retake
I was of an acceptable standard (in an exam)
I passed
Written or practical work done by a student during a course of study, usually assessed in order to count towards a final mark or grade:
coursework
They also know that they are more likely to achieve a higher grade by doing coursework than if they are assessed by examination alone.
a feeling of being safe and free from worry because your job is permanent
job security
Dismiss from employment:
sack
get sacked
(일거리 부족으로) 정리 해고[감원 조치/실직]당한
2. Not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous:
redundant
There’s always the risk of being made redundant.
전업주부
stay-at-home mum
집에 늦에 오다
get home late
사무직업
an office job
많이 벌다
earn a great deal
직업 만족도
job satisfaction
I get an immense amount of job satisfaction because I see people who have barely held a brush before gain in confidence and learn new skills.
오랜 시간
long hours
People in offices seem to work long hours.
자영업을 하는
be self-employed
생계비를 버는 사람, 가장
a breadwinner
커리어 마인드를 가진
be career-minded
n/ad. 초과근무
overtime
I’m constantly doing overtime unpaid
자원봉사
I did a lot of volunteer work
A fixed regular payment earned for work or services, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis:
wage
일중독자
a workaholic
I’m a bit of a(n) workaholic.
실직
unemployment
증가하고 있다
be on the rise
발표를 하다
give a presentation
승진
a promotion
(Of a person) having reached a point where the thing mentioned is required or owed
~을 받아야하는, 자격이 있는
be due for
An act of assessing something or someone:
평가/평가회
an appraisal
열리다
be held
책임감
responsibility
My responsibilities include filing and answering the phone.
Constituting or presenting a problem
문제가 있는(많은)
be problematic
일시해고 하다
lay someone off
일시 해고된 laid off
~에 익숙하다
be used to ~ing
경험이 없는
inexperienced
(비교급·최상급 형용사·부사와 함께 쓰여) 훨씬; 단연코
by far
My colleague was given the job of the team leader, which is strange as she is by far the most inexperienced member of staff.
스태프 멤버
a member of staff
어쨌든, 결국에는
after all
세분화된
Consisting of or divided into segments
be segmented
to be invited to attend an interview
to be called for an interview
to have your own business
to be your own boss
to run your own business
to be self-employed
a job with no promotional opportunities
a dead-end job
to share the weekly hours of work with another person
to do a job-share
somebody who can work well with other people
a good team player
adj. Occupying or using the whole of someone’s available working time:
full-time
a full-time job
That decision to give up his full-time job to pursue music did not come lightly.
to have a lot of work to do
a heavy workload
(of people) very successful or having a very important job
high-powered
an important or powerful job
a high-powered job
the number of days holiday allowed
holiday entitlement
the feeling of enjoying a job
job satisfaction
work that requires physical activity
manual work
time off work given to a woman/man about to have a baby
maternity/paternity leave
Elizabeth is now on maternity leave.
She took her maternity leave about a year ago.
a normal job that consists of an 8 hour day (approximately)
a nine-to-five job
an extra benefit you get from a job
one of the perks of the job
an incidental benefit gained from a certain type of employment, such as the use of a company car
perk(=perquisite)
working less than full-time
part-time
time allowed off work when sick
sick leave
he took a week’s sick leave
she was on sick leave for two months
to be unhappy in an office job
to be stuck behind a desk
to be in a boring job that is hard to leave
to be/get stuck in a rut
Rodney felt that he was stuck in a rut, so he decided to go back to University to study dentistry.
A: Are you okay?
B: No, I feel really depressed these days.
A: Why is that?
B: I feel like I’m stuck in a rut because I don’t know what to do with my life.
to retire early (retire: to reach an age when you are allowed to stop working for a living)
to take early retirement
work done for a limited time only
temporary work
to work without pay
voluntary work
to earn a good salary
to be well paid
the hours, salary and other entitlements that comes with the job
working conditions
to do manual work
to work with your hands
to finish a job by an agreed time
to meet a deadline
minor pains that continue over a period of time
aches and pains
slightly ill
to feel a little ill
off-colour
to be a bit off-colour
I’m feeling a bit off-colour today.
(informal) to be very ill indeed
to be at death’s door
to be recovering after an illness
to be on the mend
to have got through the most serious or uncomfortable stage of an illlness
to be over the worst
(informal) to not feel well
to be under the weather
to get a cold
to catch a cold
a physical examination by a doctor
a check-up
minor injuries
cuts and bruises
to feel ill
to feel poorly
to be very healthy
as fit as a fiddle
to become ill
to go down with a cold
to choose to be treated by commercial healthcare rather than by services offered by the state
to go private
to have a tooth repaired
to have a filling
to have a tooth removed
to have a tooth out
a bad cold
a heavy cold
to arrange a time to see the doctor
to make an appointment
to recover quickly from an illness
to make a speedy recovery
to call work to explain you won’t be attending work due to illness
to phone in sick
money the patient pays for medicine authorised by a doctor
prescription charges
to strain a muscle
근육을 혹사하다
to pull a muscle
a nose that has liquid coming out of it
a runny nose
inflammation that causes pain when swallowing
a sore throat
a film with fast moving scenes, often containing violence
an action movie
to be completely focused on one thing
to be engrossed in
something to read in bed before you go to sleep
bedtime reading
I can’t go to sleep at night without some good bedtime reading …
someone who reads a lot
to be a big reader
to use as a modal
to be based on
a financially successful film
a box office hit
difficult to read
to be heavy-going
a film that is a big commercial success
a blockbuster
to see a film that has just come out
a blockbuster
to see a film that has just come out
to catch the latest movie
the main person in a film or book
the central character
of the highest quality
a classic
to be praised by another person
to come highly recommended
wasn’t able to stop reading a book
couldn’t put it down
a digital book
an e-book
a device for reading e-books
an e-reader
to look quickly through a book
to flick through
to receive positive or negative feedback
to get a good/bad review
when a film can be seen by the general public
to go on general release
a book with a rigid cover (see ‘paperback’ below)
hardback
a story set in the past
a historical novel
a film made with a small amount of money
a low budget film
at the cinema
on the big screen
a book that you want to keep reading
a page turner
a book with a flexible cover (see ‘hardback’ above)
paperback
the main events in a film or book
plot
to read a book from the first page to the last
to read something from cover to cover
science fiction
sci-fi
to see a film at the cinema (see ‘watch a film’ below)
to see a film
where the action takes place
the setting
performances of a film 영화상영
showings
the music that accompanies a film
soundtrack
the visuals or sounds that are added to a film which are difficult to produce naturally
special effects
to borrow a book from the library
to take out (a book from the library)
to outline the details of someone’s life or an event
to tell the story of
to watch a film on TV (see ‘to see a film’ above)
to watch a film
technology at home that makes jobs easier such as a washing machine, dishwasher etc.
(all the) mod cons
Each house has a modern kitchen fitted out with all mod cons.
a large building made up of smaller units of apartments
apartment block
a garden at the rear of the house
back garden
뒤쪽
at the rear of
a house that is not physically connected to another property
detached house
to repair an old building
to do up a property
a home you regard as perfect
dream home
someone buying a property for the first time, especially when taking out a loan (mortgage)
first-time buyer
adj. a rented property with all furniture included
befully-furnished
to buy a property with the aim of buying another bigger or more expensive one later in life
to get on the property ladder
대학 기숙사
a college or university building where students live
hall of residence
things that make a home feel comfortable to live in
home comforts
n. looking for a property to live in
house-hunting
a party to celebrate moving into a new home
house-warming party
a perfect home
ideal home
to live on the university or college grounds
to live on campus
a home that can be moved by a vehicle or one that has its own engine
mobile home
to begin to live in a property
to move into
to have bought the property you live in
to own your own home
weekly or monthly rent paid at the beginning of the week or month
to pay rent in advance
a fixed address
permanent addres
the buying and selling of land or buildings
property market
보증금을 내다
to pay an amount of money as the first in a series of future payments
to put down a deposit
property owned by someone else and for which a person pays a fixed amount to live in
rented accommodation
a room for one person
single room
a large room
spacious room
student accommodation
student digs
a residential area on the edge of towns or cities
(live in) the suburbs
to borrow a large amount of money, paid back over several years, in order to buy a house
to take out a mortgage
a house connected on both sides by other properties
terraced house
to be very fashionable
to be on trend
not formal clothes
casual clothes
a simple, traditional style that is always fashionable
classic style
a well-known company that makes (often expensive) clothing
designer label(s)
wearing clothes that attract admirers
wearing glamorous clothes intended to create a striking impression.
dressed to kill
she doesn’t come to school dressed to kill
to wear clothes suitable for a particular event
to dress for the occasion
in fashion
fashionable
a company that sells (usually expensive) new styles in clothes
fashion house
a person who is famous for their sense of fashion
fashion icon
an event where modals show off the latest in fashion designs
fashion show
to put on nice clothes, often to go out somewhere special
to get dressed up
to not be in fashion any more
to go out of fashion
clothes that are passed down from older brothers or sisters to their younger siblings
hand-me-downs
A child, young person, or young animal.
youngster
to be a good judge of
to have an eye for (fashion)
the ability to wear clothes that look stylish
to have a sense of style
very fashionable
the height of fashion
The hip-hugging black and white polka-dot dress was the height of fashion.
dress in the height of fashion
to wear the latest fashions
to keep up with the latest fashion
to wear something that suits you
to look good in
to wear different styles or items of clothing that aren’t part of a set outfit
to mix and match
something that is highly fashionable and therefore in demand
must-have
clothing that is ready made
off the peg
not in fashion any more
old fashioned
the stage that modals walk along to show off the latest fashions
on the catwalk
반영하다
reflect
someone who always feel the need to wear the latest fashions
a slave to fashion
the kind of clothes worn for a formal event
smart clothes
it’s not that she dresses in very smart clothes
to look good on someone
to suit someone
to pay attention to how one looks
to take pride in one’s appearance
something that doesn’t go out of fashion
timeless
clothes from an earlier period
vintage clothes
to be dressed attractively
well-dressed
순응적인
be compliant
Women are often praised for compliance, whereas men are praised for leadership.
연약한
be vulnerable
Many men have difficulty showing vulnerability.
to deal with
to address (the problem)
ad. In a way that has or is intended to have a useful or beneficial purpose:
constructively
인정
acknowledgement
food grown w/o artificial fertilizers or pesticides
organic food
a physical weakness resulting from lack of food or poor diet
malnutrition
fruit and vegetables available at particular times of the year
seasonal produce
food that needs little preparation and can be used at any time
convenience food
a diet w/o meat or fish
vegetarianism
food containing genes with have been altered
genetically modified food
condition of being very overweight
obesity
tablets or foods taken to improve nutrition
dietary supplement
food that can be obtained quickly from a restaurant
fast food
유제품
dairy products/goods
제초제
herbicides
살충제
pesticides
Close to the side of; next to
Together and in cooperation with:
~와 함께, 옆에
alongside
Wished for as being an attractive, useful, or necessary course of action
desirable
Learning by memorization without proper understanding or reflection; mechanical learning;
rote learning
The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgement
critical thinking
졸업하기 위해 보는 시험
formal examination
Education at universities or similar educational establishments, especially to degree level.
higher education
지속적인 평가
continuous assessment
학기말 시험
end-of-term examinations
교육적 표준
educational standards
Some people worry without examinations, educational standards will decline.
a fun person, someone who is the centre of activity
to be the life and soul of the party
to try very hard to help someone
to bend over backwards
prepared to accept other views or behaviours
be broad-minded
relaxed and not easily worried about anything
be easy-going
be laid-back
an energetic person who likes the company of others
be extrovert
to treat people equally
be fair-minded
to enjoy having fun
be fun-loving
to hide one’s talents and skills
to hide one’s light under a bushel
enjoyable to socialise with
be good company
have the ability to understand what is funny
have a good sense of humour
someone who is shy
introvert
to suddenly become angry
to lose one’s temper
opposite of ‘broad-minded’
be narrow minded
very shy
be painfully shy
to think of others before yourself
to put others first
to become angry quickly
be quick-tempered
shy
be reserved
confident
be self-assured
thinks only of oneself
be self-centred
believes in one’s own ability or knowledge
be self-confident
to not try to get the attention of others (especially in terms of hiding one’s skills or abilities)
be self-effacing
happy or loving
be fond
Many of us have fond memories of our childhoods.
to like someone or something very much; to like doing something
to fond
She was very fond of horses.
to be like (often another member of the family)
to take after
not easily affected by criticism
be thick-skinned
can be trusted
be trustworthy
not honest or sincere. Will say one thing to someone to their face and another when they are not present.
be two-faced
to not spend more money than you are earning
to balance the books
to work for yourself/to not work for an employer
to be self-employed
to work for yourself
to make a sales call to someone without asking them for permission first
to cold call
when one company lowers its prices, forcing other companies to do the same, sometimes to a point where business becomes unprofitable
cut-throat competition
to do research into what potential customers would or wouldn’t buy
to do market research
to write a plan for a new business
to draw up a business plan
to try to get customers
to drum up business
to earn money
to earn a living
when a business is forced to close because it is unsuccessful
to go bust
to go under
the money coming in and going out of a business
cash flow(s)
to join another person to start or expand a business
to go into business with
to start your own business
to go it alone
to have a website or social media profile that showcases your business
to have a web presence
to start selling and promoting a new product
to launch a product
when a company ends an employee’s contract of employment
to lay someone off
a business that is set up to bring in a sufficient income and no more
사주가 자기의 생활 양식에 필요할 정도의 이익만을 추구하는 기업
lifestyle business
to earn more money than it costs to run the business
to make a profit
a business that serves a small, particular market
틈새사업
a niche business
to make more people aware of a business
to raise a company profile
to have a business of your own
to run your own business
a report of the income a company generates through sales of products or services
sales figures
to start a business
to set up a business
strong competition from other companies in the same area of work
to face with stiff competition
to employ people
to take on employees
to borrow money
to take out a loan
when a business gets legally-binding work with an individual or company
to win a contract
to look very similar to
to bear a striking resemblance to someone
very short hair
cropped hair
untidy hair
disheveled hair
to dress very smartly or glamorously
to dress up to the nines
light-coloured hair
fair hair
light skinned
to be fair-skinned
to dress smartly
to get done up
to be getting old
to be getting on a bit
to have hair that is turning grey
to go grey
to be attractive
to be good looking
to act in a way that embraces the fact you are getting older
to grow old gracefully
to find it difficult to hear
to be hard of hearing
to be 20/30 something
in his/her 30s/40s
dressed untidily
scruffy
to look younger than you are
to look young for your age
to have a figure that has lost its toned shape
to lose one’s figure
natural skin colour and texture
complexion
cosmetics
make up
approximately between 45-65
be middle-aged
perfectly styled hair
to never have a hair out of place
to weigh more than is regarded as healthy
to be overweight
the opposite of a round face
pointed face
hair that comes down to the shoulders and no further
shoulder-length hair
a figue that is tall and slim
a slender figure
attractively thin
slim figure
a lot of hair
thick hair
to be muscular
to be well-built
to look smart
to be well-turned out
to look young
a youthful appearance
shops that are no longer doing business
boarded up shops
shops are boarded up
well-known brands with shops in multiple cities
chain stores
to stop doing business
to close down
fashionable clothes shops
fashionable boutiques
to travel around
to get around
multi-story apartments
high-rise flats
the central part of a city where people live and where condidions are often poor
(흔히 대도시의, 사회적인 문제가 많은) 도심 지역
inner-city
the outer area of large towns and cities where people live
in the suburbs
bars or restaurants with a good atmosphere
lively bars/restaurants
local buildings or services serving the public
local facilities
car parks on several floors
multi-story car parks
a large building that contains offices
office block
large shopping centres outside of the town or city
out of town shopping centre/retail park
cafes with tables outside on the pavement
pavement cafe
buildings that have a particular interest for visitors
places of interest
housing that is not in good condition
poor housing
live in poor housing
areas in a town or city that are open to the public
public spaces
public vehicles such as buses and trains that operate at regular times on fixed routes
public transport system
an area where people live
residential area
old and of a poor standard
be run down
the area is a little run down
an area consisting of multiple shops
shopping centre
large indoor shopping centres
shopping malls
a city that has grown over time and which covers a wide area
sprawling city
a place of interest to tourists
tourist attraction
heavy traffic making it difficult to move around a town or city
traffic congestion
expensive fashionable shops
upmarket shops
people who love a particular band or singer
adoring fans
music that is played while something else is happening
background music